Solution Manual for Industrial Safety and Health Management, 7th Edition

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CHAPTER 1 SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER EXERCISES
1.1. Some standards are frequently cited because these standards cover (1)
areas in which industries are having difficulty complying, or (2) areas
in which enforcement agencies are giving a great deal of attention, or
both.
1.2. Many aspects about the standards might be useful. The text emphasizes the
importance of the "why" behind the standards that do exist.
1.3. No. It is an unattainable goal. Such a strategy fails to recognize the
need for discrimination among hazards to be corrected.
1.4. (1) Hazards that are physically infeasible to correct.
(2) Hazards that are physically feasible, but are economically
infeasible, to correct.
(3) Hazards that are physically feasible and economically feasible to
correct.
1.5. (1) Causes other more serious hazards to be overlooked while reacting to
less serious ones.
(2) Deteriorates credibility with top management.
1.6. A safety hazard is acute, causes or threatens to cause injuries, and is
usually more obvious than a health hazard.
A health hazard is chronic, causes or threatens to cause illness in the
long run, and is usually more subtle than a safety hazard.
1.7. Some example safety hazards:
unguarded belts, pulleys, gears, saws, and punch presses; fires;
explosions; open platforms; defective ladders; welding near open
flammable or combustible materials; overloaded or defective
cranes, hoists, or slings; ungrounded electrical equipment;
exposed live electrical conductors.
Some example health hazards:
coal dust, cotton dust, chronic loud noise, welding fumes,
asbestos, vinyl chloride, lead fumes, mercury, manganese, cadmium.
1.8. Some valid examples are spray paint, coal dust, benzene, and carbon
disulfide.
1.9. Some valid examples are noise, welding, and radiation.
1.10. Health hazards are usually more subtle than safety hazards; the
industrial hygienist must look for "unseen" hazards.
1.11. Safety hazards may appear more grave, but there are probably many health
hazard-related illnesses and deaths which are not documented.
1.12. Work training, statistics, job placement, industrial relations.
1.13. A comprehensive safety and health program involves engineering, and
placement of the function within the personnel department may restrict
authority too much.
1.14. This places the Safety and Health Manager in an adversarial position with
enforcement officials.
1.15. CPSC concentrates on the responsibility of the manufacturers of the
machines and equipment, whereas OSHA concentrates on the responsibility
of the employer who places the equipment into use in the workplace.
1.16. (NSC) National Safety Council
1.17. ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
Prepares voluntary standards for occupational safety and health among
other types of standards. OSHA adopted many ANSI standards early on,
invoking its temporary right to promulgate "national consensus
standards."

1.18. OSHA is concerned with hazardous exposures to workers, i.e. worker safety
and health.
EPA is concerned with hazardous exposures to the public, particularly as
these hazards affect the earth, water, and atmosphere.
Many safety and health hazards inside the plant and outside are the same,
or are caused by the same chemical agents or physical factors. Thus a
firm's compliance with both EPA and OSHA regulations are often the
responsibility of the same individual.
1.19. 1-800-CDC-INFO; the agency that responds is, obviously, NIOSH, the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
1.20. Passage of The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, which created
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
1.21. Prior to passage of the OSHA law occupational health seemed remote and
not of a great deal of concern. Plant nurses were concerned with first
aid and physical examinations. After OSHA, occupational disease
prevention rose in importance.
1.22 The Bhopal, India disaster in which the release of methyl isocyanate gas
killed 2500 civilians. This incident showed that dangerous working
conditions do not just impact the workers, but everyone around a
facility.
1.23 Reductions in energy consumption, for example, can lower a firm’s bottom
line energy cost while decreasing its impact on the environment.
1.24 The four environmental issues addresses were global warming, green
engineering, petroleum conservation, and tobacco smoke.
1.25 Green engineering is focused on the reduction of carbon fuels, which in
turn directly impact global warming.
1.26 Systems Safety is considered essential in airlines, aerospace, and
hospitals. These are industries in which the failure of a system can be
catastrophic.
1.27 Systems Safety recognizes the benefit of such life-cycle planning and
design, and the System Safety Society is one of the societies dedicated
to the movement.
1.28 A chronic effect is a long-term deterioration due to prolonged exposure
whereas an acute effect is a sudden reaction to a severe condition.
1.29 A safety hazard would be a sudden exposure to sound loud enough to damage
hearing with one exposure. A health hazard would be continued long-term
exposure to sound above the PEL which could lead to damage over a course
of time.
1.30 The effects of occupational health fatalities are often delayed whereas
occupational safety fatalities generally occur immediately.
1.31 The national trade associations
1.32 The primary purpose of such materials is to promote the industry
products.
1.33 NIOSH
1.34 OSHA itself
1.35 ANSI and NFPA
1.36 Fear of triggering an inspection. For that reason OSHA allows questions
to be posed in a hypothetical format.
1.37 The aerospace industry
1.38 The Systems Safety Society

CHAPTER 2 SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER EXERCISES
2.1. The achievement of worker safety lies principally in the hands of the
workers themselves and their direct supervisors; thus it is principally a
line function. Safety and health managers, however, are staff positions.
2.2. Acting as a facilitator in assisting, motivating, and advising the line
function in achieving worker safety and health.
2.3. They too often are such emotional crusaders for the cause that they lose
their credibility and with it their eligibility to be considered a
"manager."
2.4. That safety must be achieved by line personnel facilitated by the staff
function.
2.5. Go to top management to re-determine its level of commitment to safety
and health.
2.6. The workers compensation system is a state, not federal system. The
system is nearly 100 years old; the first workers compensation laws were
introduced into state legislatures in 1909.
2.7. The ostensible purpose is to protect the worker by providing statutory
compensation levels to be paid by the employer for various injuries that
may be incurred by the worker.
An ulterior feature is immunity from additional liability for the
employer, except where "gross negligence" can be proven.
2.8. Management contends that some risk is inescapable in any line of work.
Therefore, their answer to the question is no. The worker bears some of
the risk in return for his/her pay for the job.
2.9. The employer or the employer's insurance carrier.
2.10. An industrial safety consultant employed by an insurance company. The
consultant's objective is to keep claims low among clients of his
insurance company.
2.11. A standardized recordkeeping system for industrial safety established by
the National Safety Council and later superseded by OSHA's system of
recordkeeping.
2.12. Differences in recordkeeping requirements for OSHA and its predecessor
Z16.1 system. Other variations in conditions, such as employment levels
and recession cycles impact recordkeeping.
2.13. The "lost workdays" method would not reveal some very serious accidents,
especially fatalities, that do not cause a loss of a workday.
2.14. One that is work-related and requires medical treatment.
2.15. 22 x 200,000 = 44 = 14.67
150 x 40 x 50 3
2.16. The injury/illness incidence rate computation prescribed by OSHA relates
to 200,000 work-hours (roughly one year for a 100-employee firm), whereas
the traditional frequency rate relates to 1,000,000 work-hours (roughly
one year for a 500 employee firm). Also the OSHA injury/illness
incidence rate applies to all work-related injuries/illnesses which
require medical treatment, whereas the traditional frequency rate related
only to "lost-time" cases.
2.17. Frequency measures the numbers of cases per standard quantity of work-
hours.
Severity measures the total impact of cases in terms of total "lost
workdays" per standard quantity of workhours.
Seriousness is the ratio of severity to frequency and measures the
average seriousness of all cases.
All three are obsolete terms now.

2.18. OSHA Form 300a, the annual "Summary of Work-Related Injuries and
Illnesses" must be posted on February 1 each year and remain posted until
April 30.
2.19. For general records: 5 years (Chapter 5 will reveal longer retention
requirements for certain records.)
2.20. Yes; they can help to discover hazards, but they can also dilute
responsibility for workplace safety and health and can degenerate into
spy parties. Without adequate orientation, safety and health committees
can often become unreasonable.
2.21. Direct costs are the "tip of the iceberg" compared to indirect costs.
2.22. (1) Costs of wages paid for time lost by workers who were not injured.
(2) Cost of damage to material or equipment.
(3) Cost of wages paid for time lost by the injured worker.
(4) Extra cost of overtime work necessitated by the accident.
(5) Cost of wages paid supervisors for time required for activities
necessitated by the accident.
(6) Wage cost caused by decreased output of injured worker after
return to work.
(7) Cost of learning period of new worker.
(8) Uninsured medical cost borne by the company.
(9) Cost of time spent by higher supervision and clerical workers.
(10) Miscellaneous costs such as public liability claims, rental
equipment, and lost sales.
2.23. Noninjury accidents are usually caused by the same types of conditions
and practices that result in injury accidents.
2.24. First-line supervisors
2.25 A six-month work period = 1000 hours.
(a) General injury/illness rate = 15*200,000
40*1,000 = 3,000,000
40,000 = 75
(b) Traditional frequency rate =4∗200,000
40∗1,000 = 800,000
40,000 = 20
2.26 Total Injury Incident Rate (3+1)∗200,000
30∗2,000 = 800,000
60,000 = 13.33
LWDI 1∗200,000
30∗2,000 = 200,000
60,000 = 3.33
2.27. (a) Total incidence rate = (3+1+1+1+1) x 200,000
62 x 2000
= 11.29
(b) (According to current OSHA recordkeeping policy, count
calendar days, not just workweek days, i.e. 7 days/wk, not 5 days/wk)
Number-of-lost-workdays rate = (7+7+42) x 200,000
62 x 2000
= 90.3
(c) LWDI = 1 x 200,000 = 1.6
62 x 2000
(excludes illnesses and all fatalities)
2.28. The 12 first-aid cases are non-recordable. The two illnesses do not
enter into the calculation of the LWDI, but the lost-time injuries would.
Therefore, the LWDI would be calculated as:
LWDI = 3 x 200,000 = 6.67 for the 4-month period

135 x (4/12) x 2000
Since 6.67 > 3.6, this would indicate that improvement is needed to meet
the objective. However, if no more lost time injuries occurred for the
year (an unlikely outcome):
LWDI = 3 x 200,000 = 300 = 2.22
135 x 2000 135
and the objective LWDI of 3.6 would easily be met.
2.29. The classification of the 12 accident files in this case study is subject
to some variation due to individual judgment. This analysis will assume
the following classification:
Columns on the OSHA 300 Log
(a) LWDI = 3 x 200,000 = 1 = .33
900 x 2000 3
(The LWDI excludes fatalities, excludes illnesses, and includes all
"lost-time" injuries, including those injuries in which the worker has
"restricted work activity days," i.e. is temporarily transferred to
another job, even if there are no days away from work.)
Total Injury rate = (4 - 1) x 200,000 = 3 = .33
(excluding fatalities) 900 x 2000 9
Total Illness rate = (2+0+1+1) x 200,000 = 4 = .44
900 x 2000 9
Fatality rate = 1 x 200,000 = 1 = .11
900 x 2000 9
Number-of-lost-workdays rate = (70 + 38) x 200,000
900 x 2000
= 108/9 = 12
Specific hazard incidence rate (fractures) = (1 + 1) x 200,000
900 x 2000
= 2/9 = .22
Total Incidence(including fatalities = (8∗200,000)
900 𝑥𝑥 2000 = 8/9 = .89
(b) Comparing National Safety Council Statistics for 2000 (see Figure 2.2
of the text):
File G H I J K L M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
1 not recordable
2 X 14 X
3 not recordable
4 X 7 28 X
5 X X
6 X X
7 not recordable
8 X X
9 X 14 X
10 not recordable
11 X X
12 X 3 42 X
Column Totals: 1 4 0 3 38 70 4 2 0 1 0 1

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Total incidence (including fatalities)
.89 << 6.8 therefore, much safer than the all industry average
2.30. Note to instructor, as is sometimes the case, despite the authors’ best efforts
there was a change to the OSHA form 300 in the first printing of the Seventh Edition
which has been subsequently changed in subsequent printings. The column K and colun L
were reversed. Please share the updated Figure 2.9 below with your students when
assigning this problem.
To complete the table, add up the columns to get the following totals:
(a) Injury incidence = (4 - 1) x 200,000 = 6
(excludes the fatality) 50 x 2000
(b) Illness incidence = 5 x 200,000 = 10
50 x 2000
(c) Number-of-lost-workdays rate = (67 + 16) x 200,000
50 x 2000
(counts restricted work activity days)
= 83 x 200,000 = 166
100,000
(d) LWDI = 1 x 200,000 = 2
50 x 2000
File G H I J K L M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
1 Empl A X 8 X
2 Empl B X 56 X
3 Empl C X 14 X
4 Empl D X X
5 Empl E X X
6 Empl F X X
7 Empl G X 2 X
8 Empl H X 3 X
9 Empl I X X
Column Totals: 1 2 3 3 16 67 4 2 2 0 0 1

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(Don't count injuries in which there were no lost workdays;
also exclude fatalities)
2.31 2014 premium $120,000
2014 modifier 1.05
Unadjusted premium: $120,000/1.05 = $114,286
2016 modifier .80
2016 premium: $114,286 x .80 = $91,429
Actual savings: $120,000 - $91,429 = $28,571
% savings =
($28,571/120,000) x 100% = 23.8%
2.32. a. Lost Workday Cases:
OSHA 300 cols H + I
b. Cases Involving Days Away From Work & Deaths:
OSHA 300 cols G + H
c. Nonfatal Cases Without Lost Workdays:
OSHA 300 col J
d. Total Cases:
OSHA 300 cols G + H + I + J
(or the total of all of the M columns)
e. Lost Workdays
OSHA 300 cols K + L
f. Days Away From Work
OSHA 300 col L
2.33. Note to instructor, as is sometimes the case, despite the authors’ best
efforts there was a change to the OSHA form 300 in the first printing of the Seventh
Edition which has been subsequently changed in subsequent printings. The column K and
colun L were reversed. Please share the updated Figure 2.9 below with your students
when assigning this problem
To complete the table, add up the columns to get the following totals:
File G H I J K L M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
Column totals: 1 2 3 3 16 67 4 2 2 0 1

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The following calculations are compared to National Safety Council
(NSC) estimates reported in Injury Facts, 2016 edition (numbers reported
are 2014):
Cases Involving Days
Away From Work & Deaths = (1+2) x 200,000 = 1.82 versus 1.8 (NSC)
(cols G + H) 165 x 2000
Total recordable cases = (1+2+3+3) x 200,000 = 5.45 vs 6.1 (NSC)
(cols G + H + I + J) 165 x 2000
Days Away From Work = 16 x 200,000 = 9.70
(cols L) 165 x 2000
(Injury Facts, 2016 edition, reports 85,000,000 days away from
work for injuries incurred in the previous year (2001). The total worker
force was estimated at approximately 136,500,000. Applying the formula to
the national data:
Days Away From Work = 65,000,000 x 200,000 = 44.43
146,307,000 x 2000
This figure is considerably higher than the 9.70 figure calculated
for the data in this problem.
2.34. Social Media has brought about increased scrutiny on companies
with poor safety records and is one of the hidden costs from the tip of
the iceberg.
2.35. Each year the NSC publishes updates for these estimates in Injury
Facts. Students might want to check the library for the latest update.
The 2016 edition shows the following estimates:
fatality: $1,000,000
worker injury: $29,000
2.36. A shooting in a nightclub killing 49 people.
2.37. Action on Smoking and Health lobbies for OSHA to promulgate a
standard on Indoor Air Quality. OSHA has proposed a standard, but as of
early 2018 it had not been promulgated as a Final Standard.
2.38. Workplace violence
2.39. The company did preemployment drug screening tests for all
applicants in a three month hiring period (750 applicants).
Surprisingly, half of the 750 applicants failed the test. The test was a
urinalysis designed to indicate whether drugs had been used in the
preceding two or three days and was conducted by a hospital laboratory
service. The test results indicated that the use of marijuana was the
most prevalent. ALCOA hired 130 applicants who passed the test and
reported that as a group those hired were better workers than those hired
prior to the drug screening program.
2.40. The firm may face discrimination charges unless it is fair and
even-handed in its policies for hiring and employee termination in cases
of alcohol or drug abuse. The same rules that are applied to new
employees should be applied to existing employees.
2.41. No; workplace homicide is often associated with despair over
downsizing or a termination notice for some other reason. There is
evidence that homicide in the workplace is committed in a methodical and
selective way.
2.42. Although pre-employment testing has been shown to be effective in
recruiting dependable and safer employees, the program can run afoul of
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 if the testing program is
discriminatory against females or racial minorities. The EEOC has
published guidelines for such programs. Of particular interest is the
comparative failure rates of the tests when the scores of white males is
compared to those of females or racial minorities. Another consideration

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is the Americans with Disabilities Act that protects disabled workers in
much the same way as the Civil Rights Act protects females and racial
minorities.
2.43. a. control of sharps
b. effective system of housekeeping
c. effective laundry
d. effective disposal of waste
e. washing, cleaning, and disinfecting exposed surfaces
f. provision for storage and consumption of food in areas protected from
exposure
g. prohibition of application of cosmetics, lip balm, or contact lenses
in exposed areas of the plant
h. provision of personal protective equipment.
2.44. the eyes
2.45 The table is considered independent of inflation, as the unit of
measure is “weeks” of compensation, not dollars.
2.46 To show an interest in the well-being of the employee and uncover
fraudulent claims.
2.47 The number-of-lost-workdays rate counts all lost workdays (by
definition one or more days for each case, whereas the LWDI is a count of
incidents with one or more lost workdays. Since each lost-workday
incident must have one or more days, it will always be as high or higher
than the LWDI
2.48 The intent was to create a higher level of public visibility of
employers with high injury rates to “nudge” them to action. This data
also helped OSHA to use this “big data” to target compliance assistance
and enforcement efforts.
2.49 There is a trend in states allowing employers to opt out of
worker’s compensation programs. This provides savings but opens
employers up to costly litigation in the event of an injury.
2.50 Most “gig” workers are not classified as employees but rather as
contractors. As such, most are not covered under worker’s compensation.
Uber is a leading company with a high number of gig employees.
2.51 While worker’s compensation covers 100% of the medical costs
associated with a permanent injury, the payments for permanent disability
do not last forever. Therefore many employers subsidize short-term and
long-term disability insurance.
2.52 Many workers who re-enter the workforce do so with permanent
injuries that can on average result in a 15% decrease in earning
potential going forward.
2.53 The legalization of marijuana in some states while still illegal
at a federal level has caused instances where legal recreational use of
marijuana has resulted in failure of random drug tests and employee
dismissal in some cases.
2.54 No. Any employer who can reasonably expect exposure to bloodborne
pathogens for their employees is required to have a written exposure
plan.
2.55 In 2008, there was a change in reporting to use hours worked
instead of employment-based rates. When comparing fatality data for the
last eighty years

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CHAPTER 3 SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER EXERCISES
3.1. Imminent danger, serious violations, nonserious violations, de minimus
violations
3.2. De minimus
3.3. Author's opinion: Case (a) -- Cat. 1 -- De Minimus
Case (b) -- Cat. 3 -- Nonserious
Case (c) -- Cat. 8 -- Serious
3.4. This is a good example of a hazard that would be better controlled by
training than by a hard and fast rule. Many people regularly break this
rule because they have done so without injury and because the reason is
not well understood by the general public. The practice can dangerously
damage the connections between the cord and plug. A discontinuity in
either the neutral or the grounding conductor can cause electrocution
without warning by a cord and plug which appear outwardly to be safe.
3.5. This question is intended to generate a class discussion to reinforce
concepts of hazard avoidance. The discussion should bring to light
weaknesses in a strategy of using purely an enforcement approach alone.
3.6. Enforcement, psychological, engineering, analytical
3.7. This question may be used for class discussion.
3.8. Unsafe acts 88% Ratio = 88:10
Unsafe conditions 10%
Unsafe causes 2%
100%
3.9. (1) Engineering controls
(2) Administrative or work practice controls
(3) Personal protective equipment
3.10. crane hoists 5:1 scaffolds 4:1 scaffold ropes 6:1
3.11. (1) General fail-safe principle--release of drill trigger
(2) Fail-safe principle of redundancy-- use of both guards and worker
training
(3) Principle of worst case--defensive driving course
3.12. Murphy's Law is an observation of probability over a period of time.
Risks of accidents are typically low but over a long period of time
become significant.
3.13. FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis) is used to trace effects of
individual component failures on the overall or "catastrophic" failure of
equipment.
3.14. This exercise is for practice in developing fault tree diagrams. A wide
variety of diagrams can be expected from students, depending upon their
understanding of the fire hazards. The exercise should be evaluated upon
the criteria of logical construction, not fact.
3.15.

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P[7] = P[1 and 6] + P[2 and 5] + P[3 and 4] + P[4 and 3]
+P[5 and 2] + P[6 and 1]
= (1/6 • 1/6) + (1/6 • 1/6) + (1/6 • 1/6) + (1/6 • 1/6)
+ (1/6 • 1/6) + (1/6 • 1/6) = 6(1/36)
P[7] = 1/6
3.16. Toxicology is the study of poisons and may include scientific studies in
which animals are deliberately exposed to the given toxic agent in order
to observe the effect. Epidemiology deals strictly with people by
analyzing the causes of epidemics of illnesses among populations.
3.17. The following diagram adds a branch to the tree that considers possible
faults to the double-insulation system. It also removes the branches that
deal with faults in the grounding system through the third prong of the
plug, because the worker would be protected by the insulated case of the
tool.
3.18. Proximal causes are primary and are direct causes of accidents in the
conventional sense. Distal causes are secondary, more indirect causes,
but can be as important as proximal causes because the distal causes
create and shape the proximal causes. Management policy should be
considered a distal cause.
3.19. Personal injury is not a certainty, even though a loss incident is
unavoidable. Personnel may not be exposed, or the exposure may not be
injurious to personnel. Aggravating factors make the loss incident
outcome more severe, and mitigating factors make the outcome less severe.
3.20. Zero. If the causes are mutually exclusive, the occurrence of Cause B
precludes the occurrence of either Cause A or Cause C.
3.21. (a)

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(b) Probability =
P[11] = P[5]P[6] + P[6]P[5]
= 1/6 • 1/6 + 1/6 • 1/6
= 1/36 + 1/36 = 2/36
(c) Yes; you can roll a "5" on the first die and "6" on the second
or you can roll a "6" on the first die and "5" on the second but
you can't do both at the same time. One "cause" precludes the
occurrence of the other.
3.22. From a total plant safety perspective each of the four causes is possible
and does not preclude the possibility of occurrence of any of the other
three. Therefore they are not mutually exclusive.
From a single accident perspective, the four causes are also not mutually
exclusive, because several of the causes or factors could be present as
contributors to the cause of a single accident, such as a fall.
3.23. Causes A and B are mutually exclusive because it is impossible for an
adequately sized guard to be placed both too high and too low at the same
time.
3.24. Tangible cost/incident 15,000
Intangible cost/incident 250,000
Total cost/incident 265,000
Expected cost/year = Cost per incident x annual incidence
frequency
Before installation:
Expected cost/year = $265,000 x .01 = $2650
After installation:
Expected cost/year = [$265,000 x .01]½ = $1325
Annual benefit = $1325
3.25. Costs Benefits
Amortization $15,000 Cleaning $1,200
Maintenance 600 Resp eqpmt savings 4,000
Utilities 1,800 Short Term Illnesses 3,600
Total Costs $17,400 Long Term Illnesses 6,000
Total Benefits $14,800
The conclusion of the Cost/Benefit analysis is to not install the
equipment.
Primary benefit of the equipment if installed would be the savings on the
cost of long term illnesses which would be prevented by the equipment.
3.26. Answers vary dependent upon analysts' judgment and experience. The
following data are from a survey of 25 experienced managers.

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lowest highest average sample size
(a) 6 10 7.36 22
(b) 7 10 8.24 25
(c) 2 9 6.43 25
(d) 1 8 4.50 24
(e) 2 8 5.88 24
(f) 1 7 2.20 25
(g) 7 10 8.43 23
(h) 2 9 4.78 23
3.27. The point of irreversibility is the boundary beyond which control is lost
and a loss incident will occur. Factors in the region of sphere of
control are:
1. Actions
2. Limitations
3. Conditions
3.28. When the events are not mutually exclusive; when both events can happen
there is a finite probability that both will happen. Therefore, the
probability that both will occur is non-zero and must be subtracted from
the sum of the probabilities that each event will occur.
3.29. P[C] = P[A] + P[B] - P[A]P[B]
3.30. P[C] = P[A] + P[B] - P[A]P[B] = 0.3 + 0.2 -(0.3)(0.2)
= 0.5 - 0.06
= 0.44
3.31. There are many examples. A few are as follows:
GENERAL FAILSAFE PRINCIPLE:
OSHA standard 1910.217(b)(2) regarding the design of friction
brakes that are "self-engaging," i.e., they require force or power
from an external source to disengage, rather than to engage.
ALSO OSHA standard 1910.217(b)(13) ".....the control system shall be
constructed so that a failure within the system does not prevent
the normal

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3.32. One concept would be safety factor. A proper safety factor would have
allowed for shock loads that would be anticipated if a large number of
people began to move or jump on the skywalk in unison. Another
engineering concept is the failsafe Principle of Worst Case. A properly
applied Worst Case Principle might have considered the possibility that
large groups might move in unison.
3.33. A “deadman control” is a switching or control mechanism that causes
equipment to retreat to a safe or inactive mode in the absence of a
conscious action on the part of the operator. The typical control is a
spring-loaded pushbutton switch as in a hand-held electric drill. Other
examples of equipment, not mentioned in the book, would include floor
waxing/buffing machines, hand-held saws, motorcycle throttles, and
automobile accelerators.
3.34. There are many examples of the use of the concept of redundancy. One
example is the provision for emergency backup power generators in the
design of hospitals. Another example that applies to occupational safety
and health is the provision of independent, battery-powered emergency
lighting to provide illumination of means of egress from buildings in the
event of power failure.
3.35. The Principle of Worst Case.
3.36. The whole concept of preventive maintenance is to service and repair or
replace parts BEFORE they fail, not afterwards. FMEA can be used to
examine the failure modes and provide the basis for prediction of the
consequences of failure. Such analyses are valuable in justifying the
replacement of components or systems before they fail. Such analysis and
replacement can be

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occurred.
3.42. A Poisson Process is a random event with a constant hazard of
occurrence. Murphy’s Law states that “If anything can go wrong, it will.
The design of a system must consider the possibility of the occurrence of
some chance event that can have an adverse effect on safety and health.
3.43. The Principle of “Eliminate”
3.44. Guards protect personnel from the hazard, while barriers keep
personnel out of the dangerous area.
3.45 The possibility that the warning will be ignored must be considered.
3.46 The warning label must be used sparingly so that it is not
ignored. Alternate solution would be to engineer out the hazard.
3.47. The enforcement approach would be much more palatable to the
public if the enforcing agency would spend more time analyzing accident
histories. That way, citations would be written only for the most
important violations. The psychological approach could also be
strengthened a great deal by substantiating persuasive appeals with
actual results of accidents. The engineering approach needs accident
analysis to know where the problems are and to design a solution to deal
with all of the accident mechanisms.
3.48. The enforcement approach forced motorcycle riders to wear helmets,
but the psychological approach has been most effective in convincing them
of the benefit and actually causing riders to use them.
3.49. Top Management support is just the beginning. If management does
not show their commitment to safety and health through their priorities
and actions, the safety program will be largely ineffective.
3.50. Eliminate, Substitute, Reduce or Slow Down, Guard, Barriers, Warn,
Warning Labels, Filters, Exhaust Ventilation, and Human Interface.
3.51. The primary benefit is in visualizing causal relationships.
3.52 OSHA cited imminent danger which allows OSHA to seek a court
injunction to cease operations or remove the hazard immediately due to
the danger it presents.

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Environmental Science

Solution Manual for Industrial Safety and Health Management, 7th Edition

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