Solution Manual for Statistics, Updated Edition, 13th Edition

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Statistics, Data, and Statistical Thinking1Statistics, Data,and Statistical Thinking1.2Descriptive statistics utilizes numerical and graphical methods to look for patterns, tosummarize, and to present the information in a set of data. Inferential statistics utilizessample data to make estimates, decisions, predictions, or other generalizations about a largerset of data.1.4The first major method of collecting data is from a published source. These data have alreadybeen collected by someone else and is available in a published source. The second method ofcollecting data is from a designed experiment. These data are collected by a researcher whoexerts strict control over the experimental units in a study. These data are measured directlyfrom the experimental units. The third method of collecting data is from a survey. Thesedata are collected by a researcher asking a group of people one or more questions. Again,these data are collected directly from the experimental units or people. The final method ofcollecting data is observationally. These data are collected directly from experimental unitsby simply observing the experimental units in their natural environment and recording thevalues of the desired characteristics.1.6A population is a set of existing units such as people, objects, transactions, or events. Avariable is a characteristic or property of an individual population unit such as height of aperson, time of a reflex, amount of a transaction, etc.1.8A representative sample is a sample that exhibits characteristics similar to those possessed bythe target population. A representative sample is essential if inferential statistics is to beapplied. If a sample does not possess the same characteristics as the target population, thenany inferences made using the sample will be unreliable.1.10Statistical thinking involves applying rational thought processes to critically assess data andinferences made from the data. It involves not taking all data and inferences presented at facevalue, but rather making sure the inferences and data are valid.1.12a.High school GPA is a number usually between 0.0 and 4.0. Therefore, it is quantitative.b.High school class rank is a number: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc. Therefore, it is quantitative.c.The scores on the SAT's are numbers between 200 and 800. Therefore, it isquantitative.d.Gender is either male or female. Therefore, it is qualitative.e.Parent's income is a number: $25,000, $45,000, etc. Therefore, it is quantitative.f.Age is a number: 17, 18, etc. Therefore, it is quantitative.1.14a.The experimental unit for this experiment is a drafted NFL quarterback.b.Draft position is one of three categories. Therefore, it is a qualitative variable. NFLwinning ratio is a number. Therefore, it is a quantitative variable. QB production scoreis a number. Therefore, it is a quantitative variable.Chapter1

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