Test Bank for Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 10th Edition

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Test Bank
for
Criminology Today
An Integrative Introduction
Tenth Edition
Frank Schmalleger
Distinguished Professor Emeritus,
The University of North Carolina at Pembroke
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank prepared by
Ellen G. Cohn, Ph.D.

iv
Chapter 5 274
Chapter 6 293
Chapter 7 317
Chapter 8 341
Chapter 9 364
Chapter 10 388
Chapter 11 413
Chapter 12 434
Chapter 13 454
Chapter 14 477
Chapter 15 496
Chapter 16 516
Test Bank
Chapter 1 178
Chapter 2 200
Chapter 3 227
Chapter 4 250

178
Test Bank
Criminology Today, 10e (Schmalleger)
Chapter 1 What Is Criminology?
1.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) The view of crime as human conduct that violates the criminal law is drawn from a
________ perspective.
A) political
B) sociological
C) psychological
D) legalistic
Answer: C
Page Ref: 2
Objective: What is crime? What is the definition of crime that the author of this text has
chosen to use?
Level: Basic
2) “Human conduct that is in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government,
or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws” is a definition of ________.
A) criminology
B) crime
C) criminal
D) deviance
Answer: B
Page Ref: 3
Objective: What is crime? What is the definition of crime that the author of this text has
chosen to use?
Level: Basic
3) The belief that crime is an antisocial act of such a nature that repression is necessary to
preserve the existing system of society is the basis of the ________ perspective on crime
A) legal
B) political
C) sociological
D) psychological
Answer: C
Page Ref: 3-4
Objective: What is crime? What is the definition of crime that the author of this text has
chosen to use?
Level: Basic

179
4) The psychological perspective sees crime primarily as ________.
A) a violation of a law
B) an offense against human relationships
C) an antisocial act
D) problem behavior
Answer: D
Page Ref: 5
Objective: What is crime? What is the definition of crime that the author of this text has
chosen to use?
Level: Basic
5) Which of the following statements about deviance and crime is true?
A) All deviant behavior is criminal.
B) All criminal behavior is deviant.
C) Deviant behavior and criminal behavior overlap.
D) Deviant behavior and criminal behavior are mutually exclusive categories.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 5-6
Objective: What is deviance? How are crime and deviance similar? How do they differ?
Level: Intermediate
6) You are running late to class and there is an exam today. To get to class on time, you drive
about 10 miles about the speed limit. This is an example of behavior that is ________.
A) deviant but not criminal
B) criminal but not deviant
C) both deviant and criminal
D) neither deviant nor criminal
Answer: B
Page Ref: 6
Objective: What is deviance? How are crime and deviance similar? How do they differ?
Level: Intermediate
7) Which of the following behaviors are criminal only when committed by a child or youth?
A) Shoplifting a candy bar
B) Drinking alcohol
C) Speeding
D) Joyriding
Answer: B
Page Ref: 7
Objective: What is deviance? How are crime and deviance similar? How do they differ?
Level: Intermediate

180
8) The ________ perspective says that laws should be enacted to criminalize certain behaviors
when members of society generally agree that such laws are necessary?
A) consensus
B) sociological
C) pluralistic
D) legalistic
Answer: A
Page Ref: 7
Objective: Who decides what should be criminal? How are such decisions made?
Level: Basic
9) The pluralistic perspective suggests that behaviors are typically criminalized through
________.
A) a political process
B) the general agreement of most members of society
C) the existence of shared norms and values
D) consensus
Answer: A
Page Ref: 7
Objective: Who decides what should be criminal? How are such decisions made?
Level: Basic
10) The gun control debate is an example of the ________ perspective.
A) consensus
B) sociological
C) conflict
D) pluralistic
Answer: D
Page Ref: 7
Objective: Who decides what should be criminal? How are such decisions made?
Level: Intermediate
11) ________ is the field of study that is concerned primarily with the causes and consequences
of crime.
A) Criminal justice
B) Criminology
C) Criminality
D) Criminalistics
Answer: B
Page Ref: 9
Objective: Who decides what should be criminal? How are such decisions made?
Level: Basic

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181
12) Criminal justice focuses on ________.
A) the control of lawbreaking
B) the causes of crime
C) the consequences of crime
D) the victim
Answer: A
Page Ref: 10
Objective: What is criminology? What are its many roots?
Level: Basic
13) A ________ studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior.
A) scientist
B) criminal justice professional
C) criminologist
D) criminalist
Answer: C
Page Ref: 10-11
Objective: What do criminologists do?
Level: Basic
14) Which of the following individuals would most likely be considered a criminalist?
A) A victims’ advocate
B) A polygraph operator
C) A computer crime investigator
D) A correctional officer
Answer: B
Page Ref: 11-12
Objective: What do criminologists do?
Level: Intermediate
15) A(n) ________ theory of crime attempts to explain all or most forms of criminal conduct
through a single, overarching approach.
A) complete
B) unicausal
C) integrated
D) general
Answer: D
Page Ref: 12
Objective: What do criminologists do?
Level: Basic

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182
16) The general theory of crime suggests that all types of criminal and deviant behavior can be
explained by a single factor: a lack of self-control. This is an example of a(n) ________
theory.
A) integrated
B) unicausal
C) bicameral
D) complete
Answer: B
Page Ref: 12
Objective: What do criminologists do?
Level: Intermediate
17) ________ criminology emphasizes the use of social scientific techniques to develop
knowledge in the field of criminology.
A) Evidence-based
B) Translational
C) Theoretical
D) Policy-based
Answer: A
Page Ref: 13
Objective: What is evidence-based criminology? How does it complement theoretical
criminology?
Level: Basic
18) ________ criminology involves taking the results of criminological research and converting
it into workable social policy and practice.
A) Experimental
B) Translational
C) Theoretical
D) Policy-based
Answer: B
Page Ref: 14
Objective: What is evidence-based criminology? How does it complement theoretical
criminology?
Level: Basic
19) The ________ perspective holds that crime manifests from underlying social issues such as
poverty, discrimination, and pervasive family violence.
A) evidence-based
B) individual responsibility
C) social deviance
D) social problems

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183
Answer: D
Page Ref: 15
Objective: What is the theme of this text? Upon what two contrasting viewpoints does it
build?
Level: Basic
20) Which of the following statements about the individual responsibility perspective is true?
A) It suggests that crime is a symptom of underlying social problems such as poverty and
discrimination.
B) It emphasizes the development of social and educational opportunities as a way of
dealing with the crime problem.
C) It emphasizes crime prevention efforts such as harsher sentences and the development of
rehabilitation programs.
D) It sees crime as a public health problem as well as a criminal justice problem.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 15-16
Objective: What is the theme of this text? Upon what two contrasting viewpoints does it
build?
Level: Intermediate
21) Which of the following crime reduction or prevention strategies is most characteristic of the
social problems perspective?
A) A government-funded initiative to enhance educational opportunities among low-income
individuals
B) A move to broaden police powers by increasing the number of exceptions to the
Exclusionary Rule
C) Rewriting state statutes to increase the severity of punishment for violent offenders, such
as three-strikes laws
D) Allocating federal funds to help states build and operate more prisons
Answer: A
Page Ref: 16
Objective: What is the theme of this text? Upon what two contrasting viewpoints does it
build?
Level: Intermediate
22) Which of the following recent developments in national crime control policy is most likely to
have been influenced by the social problems perspective?
A) The increase in the number of federal capital crimes
B) The enactment of a federal three-strikes law
C) The abolition of federal parole
D) The creation of the Job Corps to reduce unemployment by encouraging the development
of job skills

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184
Answer: D
Page Ref: 17
Objective: What is the theme of this text? Upon what two contrasting viewpoints does it
build?
Level: Intermediate
23) Crime is not an isolated individual activity but a(n) ________ event.
A) social
B) economic
C) deviant
D) political
Answer: A
Page Ref: 18
Objective: What is the social context of crime? What are crime’s consequences?
Level: Intermediate
24) An American visitor witnessing a crime in Japan may interpret the events differently than
someone born within the Japanese culture. This is an example of ________.
A) intercultural perspective
B) social relativity
C) deviant perception
D) politicization
Answer: B
Page Ref: 19
Objective: What is the social context of crime? What are crime’s consequences?
Level: Intermediate
25) Which of the following is a background contribution by the offender?
A) A genetic inventory
B) A peculiar motivation
C) A specific intent
D) A drug-induced state of mind
Answer: A
Page Ref: 19
Objective: What is the social context of crime? What are crime’s consequences?
Level: Intermediate
26) The ________ contributes to a criminal event by failing to prevent criminal activity.
A) victim
B) offender
C) criminal justice system
D) general public

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185
Answer: C
Page Ref: 19
Objective: What is the social context of crime? What are crime’s consequences?
Level: Basic
27) Ultimately, crime is a result of the coming together of inputs provided by all but which of the
following?
A) The victim
B) The criminal justice system
C) Society
D) The media
Answer: D
Page Ref: 20
Objective: What is the social context of crime? What are crime’s consequences?
Level: Intermediate
28) Victims may actively contribute to their own victimization through the appearance of
________.
A) defensiveness
B) exposure
C) defenselessness
D) precipitation
Answer: C
Page Ref: 20
Objective: What is the social context of crime? What are crime’s consequences?
Level: Basic
29) ________ is the process by which one acquires the cultural values of one’s society.
A) Socialization
B) Integration
C) Social relativity
D) Criminalistics
Answer: A
Page Ref: 20
Objective: What is the social context of crime? What are crime’s consequences?
Level: Basic

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187
1.2 True/False Questions
1) The legalistic perspective defines crime as a violation of the criminal law.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 2-3
Objective: What is crime? What is the definition of crime that the author of this text has
chosen to use?
Level: Basic
2) Adopting the psychological perspective of crime would greatly expand the scope of
criminology.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 3-4
Objective: What is crime? What is the definition of crime that the author of this text has
chosen to use?
Level: Basic
3) All criminal behavior is deviant.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 6
Objective: What is deviance? How are crime and deviance similar? How do they differ?
Level: Basic
4) Some behaviors are considered to be criminal only if they are committed by a child.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 7
Objective: What is deviance? How are crime and deviance similar? How do they differ?
Level: Intermediate
5) The pluralistic perspective is most applicable to societies characterized by a shared belief
system.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 7
Objective: Who decides what should be criminal? How are such decisions made?
Level: Intermediate
6) The difficulty in reaching agreement regarding legalizing marijuana is an example of social
consensus.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 7-8
Objective: Who decides what should be criminal? How are such decisions made?
Level: Intermediate

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188
7) Criminology is an interdisciplinary field.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 9-10
Objective: What is criminology? What are its many roots?
Level: Basic
8) Criminal justice focuses on questions about the causes of crime.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 10
Objective: What is criminology? What are its many roots?
Level: Basic
9) A correctional officer is a criminalist.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 11
Objective: What do criminologists do?
Level: Intermediate
10) There is a growing tendency to apply the term criminologist to anyone who works in the
criminal justice field.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 10
Objective: What do criminologists do?
Level: Basic
11) A theory that attempts to explain all types of criminal behavior is a general theory of crime.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 12
Objective: What do criminologists do?
Level: Basic
12) An integrated theory is one that proposes a single identifiable cause for all serious criminal
behavior.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 13
Objective: What do criminologists do?
Level: Basic
13) Translational criminology focuses on taking research findings and converting them into
social policy.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 14

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189
Objective: What is evidence-based criminology? How does it complement theoretical
criminology?
Level: Basic
14) A social program that encourages teenagers to stay in school and graduate is typical of the
social problems perspective.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 16-17
Objective: What is the theme of this text? Upon what two contrasting viewpoints does it
build?
Level: Intermediate
15) The individual responsibility perspective considers people to be responsible for their own
behavior.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 16-17
Objective: What is the theme of this text? Upon what two contrasting viewpoints does it
build?
Level: Basic
16) The abolition of federal parole and the creation of the federal three-strikes law were
influenced by the social problems perspective.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 17
Objective: What is the theme of this text? Upon what two contrasting viewpoints does it
build?
Level: Intermediate
17) Because crime is a social event, it can have more than one interpretation.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 18
Objective: What is the social context of crime? What are crime’s consequences?
Level: Intermediate
18) Social relativity means that the offender and the victim interpret crime in a similar way.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 19
Objective: What is the social context of crime? What are crime’s consequences?
Level: Basic

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190
19) The consequences of crime include both outputs and interpretations.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 19
Objective: What is the social context of crime? What are crime’s consequences?
Level: Basic
20) The primacy of sociology should not prevent criminologists from recognizing contributions
from other perspectives.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 23
Objective: What social science has traditionally provided a central theoretical basis for
criminology? Why?
Level: Intermediate

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