10: Species and Taxonomy

capable of breeding to produce living,fertile offspring

to ensure successful reproduction by helping them to recognise own species and opposite sex
synchronise mating behaviour
ensure survival of the offspring by forming a pair bond

generic name first (genus)
specific name second (species)

-domain
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species

the number of different species and the number of individuals of each species within a community

difference in DNA

the range of different habitats

the number of different species in a community

1. Gene pools are separate

2. mutation

3. different selection pressure

4. adapted organisms survive and breed

5. allele frequency increases

d = N(N-1) / Σn(n-1)

d = index of diversity
N= total number of organisms of all species
n= total number of organisms of each species
Σ = sum of

it measures both the number of species and number of individuals
it therefore takes account of species that are only present in small numbers

to ensure food security and preserve biodiversity

• creating monoculture

• overgrazing

• removal of hedgerows

• plant hedges rather than fences as field boundaries

• maintain existing hedgerows at the most beneficial height and shape

• use organic fertilisers

• reduce pesticide use

• comparison of DNA base sequencea

• comparison of the base sequence of mRNA

• comparison of the amino acid sequences in proteins

• one species differs from another

• members of the same species differ from one another

1. divide area into a grid of numbered lines eg, by stretching two tape measures at right angles to eachother

2. use a random number generator to generate a series of coordinates

3. take samples at intersection of each pair of coordinates

• use a large sample size- the more individuals that are selected, the smaller is the probability that chance will influence the result

• analysis of results- statistical tests to determine the extent to which chance may have influenced the results

spread of data around the mean

s = ∑ ( X − X ¯ ) 2/ n − 1

X= measured value
X ¯= mean value
n= total number of values in the sample