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Animal Behaviour - Evaluating Research

Economics7 CardsCreated 17 days ago

Clomicalm – An antidepressant used to treat separation anxiety in dogs. Initially, sales rose rapidly as it was widely prescribed, but incorrect or inconsistent use (without proper behavioural support) led to poor results and loss of confidence, causing sales to decline sharply.

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Give an example of a drug which failed in market due to incorrect usage

Clomicalm - sales rocketed, vets handed out willy-nilly, not used properly - no results, sales plummeted

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Key Terms

Term
Definition

Give an example of a drug which failed in market due to incorrect usage

Clomicalm - sales rocketed, vets handed out willy-nilly, not used properly - no results, sales plummeted

What is the order of reliability of types of evidence?

Anecdotal (esp. drug reps will make this up!)

Case reports

Case series

Cohort studies

Controlled studies

What is a case study?

Observing one animal over time

What is a case series?

Multiple case studies

What effects must be controlled for in an experimental study?

Individuals matched for age/breed/weight etc.
High numbers to account for individual variation
Order effects of the change implemented (rando...

What is reporting bias and publication bias?

Reporting bias - only positive findings reported (commercial, pre-registration)
Publishing bias - only positive results published (non-exciting ...

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Animal Behaviour - Evaluating Research
TermDefinition

Give an example of a drug which failed in market due to incorrect usage

Clomicalm - sales rocketed, vets handed out willy-nilly, not used properly - no results, sales plummeted

What is the order of reliability of types of evidence?

Anecdotal (esp. drug reps will make this up!)

Case reports

Case series

Cohort studies

Controlled studies

What is a case study?

Observing one animal over time

What is a case series?

Multiple case studies

What effects must be controlled for in an experimental study?

Individuals matched for age/breed/weight etc.
High numbers to account for individual variation
Order effects of the change implemented (randomise order)
Controls
Placebo effect
Confounding factors associated with the implemented change
Sampling bias of breed etc. - choose one breed first to show an effect, then generalise to whole population in subsequent studies

What is reporting bias and publication bias?

Reporting bias - only positive findings reported (commercial, pre-registration)
Publishing bias - only positive results published (non-exciting ones not)

How may the statistics of a study be affected?

Multiple things looked at, leading to adjusted P value being necessary
As opposed to hypothesis driven , where p value of <0.05 sufficient