Environmental Science /AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Part 4
AP Environmental Science Exam Review Flashcards Part 4
This deck covers key concepts in environmental science, focusing on geological processes, soil composition, and agricultural practices.
Extrusive
rocks that form when lava cools and solidifies on the surface
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Extrusive
rocks that form when lava cools and solidifies on the surface
Divergent Plates
plates moving away from each other in opposite directions
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Convergent Plates
tectonic plates that collide with each other
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Transform Plates
plates that slide past each other
Lithosphere
the solid part of the earth (crust, outer mantle)
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Hydrosphere
the watery layer of the earth's surface
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Extrusive | rocks that form when lava cools and solidifies on the surface |
Divergent Plates | plates moving away from each other in opposite directions |
Convergent Plates | tectonic plates that collide with each other |
Transform Plates | plates that slide past each other |
Lithosphere | the solid part of the earth (crust, outer mantle) |
Hydrosphere | the watery layer of the earth's surface |
Asthenosphere | the soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats |
Relative Dating | method of determining the age of a fossil (comparing fossil placement) |
Convection | the transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas |
Conduction | the transfer of thermal energy from one substance to another through direct contact |
Topsoil | the layer of soil on the surface |
Litter | the layer of dead plant leaves and stems on the surface of the soil |
Subsoil | the layer of soil beneath the topsoil that contains mostly clay |
Humus | partially decomposed organic matter |
Porosity | the percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that consists of open spaces |
Overgrazing | allowing more animals to graze in an area than the range can support |
Organic Fertilizer | a fertilizer that is derived from animal or vegetable matter |
Inorganic Fertilizer | an agricultural product applied to the soil (mined or synthetically manufactured material) |
Desertification | degradation of land because of human actions( excessive crop planting, grazing and tree cutting) |
Erosion | condition in which the earth's surface is worn away by the action of water and wind |
Structure (soil) | -O horizon, -A-mineral matter and hummus, -E - leached of color, -B - clay accumulation from above, -C horizon - partially altered bedrock |
Excessive Irrigation | over irrigation of a specific area that leads to salinization |
Acidity | a measure of how acid a solution is- the lower the pH, the greater this is |
Animal Manure | dung/urine of animals used as a form of organic fertilizer |
Green Manure | a growing crop that is plowed under to enrich soil |