AP Human Geography All Vocab Terms Part 5

the process by which lands that were previously outside of the urban environment become urbanized, as people and businesses from the city move to these spaces

CBD-(Burgess Model) divides the city into five concentric zones, defined by their function

a term introduced by American journalist JOel Garreau in order to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the United States away from the Central Business District (CBD) toward a new loci of economic activity at the urban fringe

a spatial generalization of the large, late-twentieth-century city in the United States. It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multicentered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown; the only exception is the shrunken central realm, which is focused on the CBD

a model of the Latin American city showing a blend of traditional elements of Latin American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene

the very poorest of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug-lords

developed by geographer T.G. McGee, a model showing similar land-use patterns among the medium-sized cities of Southeast Asia

Unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboardf

Legal restrictions on land use that determines what types of building and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas. In the United States, areas are most commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail, or industrial use.

a discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers. Today, redlining is officially illegal.

rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. In the resulting outmigration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of properties

the transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity.

the rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents.

Home bought in many American suburbs with the intent of tearing them down and replacing them with much larger homes often referred to as McMassions

Homes referred to as such because of their "super size" and similarly in appearance to other such homes, homes often built in place of tear-downs in American suburbs.

unrestricted growth in many American urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning

outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, and urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.

restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions, often literally fenced in, where entry is limited to residents and their guests. Although predominantly high-income based, in North America gated communities are increasingly a middle-class phenomenon.

economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product (GNP); as opposed to a formal economy.

dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy. Not the world's biggest city in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy.

a country's largest city-ranking atop the urban hierarchy-most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) he capital city as well

areas of a city, the main purpose of which is to encourage people to consume goods and services, driven primarily by the global media industry

with respect to a country, making progress in technology, production, and socioeconomic welfare

the total value of all goods, and services produced by a country's economy in a given year. It includes all goods and services produced by corporations and individuals of a country, whether or not they are they are located within the country

the total value of all goods and services produced within a country during a given year

calculates the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country, as a more accurate way of measuring a country's wealth in the contest of a global economy

a division of the GNI by the population of the country

the legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product (GNP), as opposed to an informal economy

economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product (GNP); as opposed to a formal economy

a model of economic development most closely associated with the work of economist Walter Rostow. The modernization model (sometimes referred to as modernization theory) maintains that all countries go through five interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption

the geographic situation in which something occurs; the combination of what is happening at a variety of scales concurrently

the seeking out of the regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world

a general term of a model of economic development that treats economic disparities among countries or regions as the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic systems.

a structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop

when a poorer country ties the value of its currency to that of a wealthier country, or when it abandons its currency and adopts the wealthier country's currency as its own

theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world

with reference to Immanuel Wallerstein's world-systems theory, the division of the world into the core, the periphery, and the semi-periphery as a means to help explain the inter-connections between places in the global economy

when a family sends a child or an adult to a labor recruiter in hopes that the labor recruiter will send money, and the family member will earn money to send home

loans granted by international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to countries in the periphery and the semi-periphery in exchange for certain economic and governmental reforms in that country (e.g. privatization of certain government entities and opening the country to foreign trade and investment)

a disease carried from one host to another by an intermediate host

spread by mosquitoes that carry the malaria parasite in their saliva and which kills approximately 150,000 children in the global periphery each month

zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment

the term given to zones in Northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. market. The low-wage workers in the primarily foreign-owned factories assemble imported components and/or raw materials and then export finished goods.

specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico, and the United States in December, 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994, to eliminate the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross-border movement of goods and services between the countries

the encroachment of desert conditions on moister zones along the desert margins, where plant cover and soils are threatened by desiccation-through overuse, in part by humans and their domestic animal, and possibly, in part because of inexorable shifts in the Earth's environmental zones

place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure

international organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues

program that provides small loans to poor people, especially women, to encourage development of small businessesorganic agriculture approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs

the purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.

economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment--such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture

economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products, the manufacturing sector.

economic activity associated with the provision of services--such transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.

service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.

crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants

crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants.

dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control

self-sufficient agriculture that is small small and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade.

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning. These clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared forestland. Also know as slash-and-burn agriculture.

(see shifting cultivation)

dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm products.

a model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates verious farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market

currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

the recently successful development of higher-yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food needs

crops that carry new growth that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods.

also called the Public Land Survey, the systems was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The systems divides land into a series of rectangular parcels.

a rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U. S. interior. (See also rectangular survey system)

a system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of metes and bounds surveying, the U.S. Land Office Survey abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular survey systems