Biology /ATI TEAS: Biological Micromolecules
What are macromolecules?
Large number of atoms bonded together. Serve as sensors, transporters, regulators, builders, information warehouses, energy storehouses, and structural components of cells and bodies. Function depends on its shape.
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Term
Definition
What are macromolecules?
Large number of atoms bonded together. Serve as sensors, transporters, regulators, builders, information warehouses, energy storehouses, and structura...
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How much of the body is made of macromolecules?
25%
What are the 3 classes of monomer macromolecules?
Polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids
T or F: every macromolecule is a polymer - a substance composed of similar units bonded together
True!
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What are monomers?
Repeating unit of a polymer. Molecules that bond to similar or identical molecules.
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What are polysaccharides?
Carbohydrate polymers made of many sugar molecules held by covalent bonds.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What are macromolecules? | Large number of atoms bonded together. Serve as sensors, transporters, regulators, builders, information warehouses, energy storehouses, and structural components of cells and bodies. Function depends on its shape. |
How much of the body is made of macromolecules? | 25% |
What are the 3 classes of monomer macromolecules? | Polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids |
T or F: every macromolecule is a polymer - a substance composed of similar units bonded together | True! |
What are monomers? | Repeating unit of a polymer. Molecules that bond to similar or identical molecules. |
What are polysaccharides? | Carbohydrate polymers made of many sugar molecules held by covalent bonds. |
What are proteins? | Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds (type of covalent bond). |
What are nucleic acids? | Long molecules made of nucleotides (DNA and RNA). |
What is a covalent bond? | Chemical bond that shares electron pairs between atoms. Requires energy input, usually by removal of phosphate from ATP or similar high energy molecule. Sometimes drives out a water molecule. |
What is a dehydration reaction/condensation reaction? | When a water molecule is pushed out to form a covalent bond, polymers are built by this. |
What type of bond makes the shape, structure, and function of a macromolecule? | Noncovalent |
What is a hydrolysis reaction? | Lysing of covalent bonds by bonding water to break down a polymer into a monomer i.e. glycogen to glucose. |
How many types of amino acids are there? | 20 |
What is a protein subunit? | A folded chain of proteins that don’t function until it is bonded with other subunits i.e. hemoglobin is made of 4 separate subunits. |
What is an enzyme? | A protein that reduces the activation energy of a chemical reaction. |
Name some examples of protein cells in the body | Hemoglobin, ion channels, tendons, antibodies. |
What is RNA (ribonucleic acid)? | Essential for converting information stored in DNA into proteins. |
Are lipids polymers? | No, they are not because they cannot be formed by a covalent bond, they are hydrophobic. |
What are lipids? | Phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids -cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen. |
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid molecules? | Saturated are made of single bonded carbon atoms. Unsaturated have a double bond between 2 carbon atoms causing a kink. |