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Biology IB HL - 6.2 The Blood System Part 7

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This deck covers key concepts related to the blood system, focusing on the cardiac cycle, heart rate regulation, and the role of hormones in cardiovascular responses.

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What happens at the beginning of ventricular systole + pressure?

Left ventricle contracts causing the ventricular pressure to increase. Pressure in the left atrium drops as the muscle relaxes. Pressure in the ventricle exceeds pressure in the atrium, so the AV valve shuts.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What happens at the beginning of ventricular systole + pressure?
Left ventricle contracts causing the ventricular pressure to increase. Pressure in the left atrium drops as the muscle relaxes. Pressure in the ventri...
What happens at ventricular systole + pressure?
The ventricle continues to contract. Pressure in the left ventricle exceeds that in the aorta. Aortic valve opens and blood is forced into the aorta.
What happens at beginning of diastole + pressure?
Left ventricle has been emptied of blood. Muscles in the walls of the left ventricle relax and pressure falls below that in the newly filled aorta. Ao...
What happens at early diastole + pressure?
The ventricle remains relaxed and ventricular pressure continues to decrease. In the meantime, blood is flowing into the relaxed atrium from the pulmo...
What happens at diastole + pressure?
The relaxed left atrium fills with blood, causing the pressure in the atrium to exceed that in the newly emptied ventricle. AV valve opens.
What happens to left ventricle in late diastole? How does this affect pressure?
There is a short period of time during which the left ventricle expands due to relaxing muscles. This increases the internal volume of the left ventri...
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Biology IB HL - 6.2 The Blood System Part 7
TermDefinition
What happens at the beginning of ventricular systole + pressure?
Left ventricle contracts causing the ventricular pressure to increase. Pressure in the left atrium drops as the muscle relaxes. Pressure in the ventricle exceeds pressure in the atrium, so the AV valve shuts.
What happens at ventricular systole + pressure?
The ventricle continues to contract. Pressure in the left ventricle exceeds that in the aorta. Aortic valve opens and blood is forced into the aorta.
What happens at beginning of diastole + pressure?
Left ventricle has been emptied of blood. Muscles in the walls of the left ventricle relax and pressure falls below that in the newly filled aorta. Aortic valve closes.
What happens at early diastole + pressure?
The ventricle remains relaxed and ventricular pressure continues to decrease. In the meantime, blood is flowing into the relaxed atrium from the pulmonary vein, causing an increase.
What happens at diastole + pressure?
The relaxed left atrium fills with blood, causing the pressure in the atrium to exceed that in the newly emptied ventricle. AV valve opens.
What happens to left ventricle in late diastole? How does this affect pressure?
There is a short period of time during which the left ventricle expands due to relaxing muscles. This increases the internal volume of the left ventricle and decreases the ventricular pressure.
What may increase pressure in late diastole?
At the same time, blood is flowing slowly through the newly opened AV valve into the left ventricle, causing a brief increase in pressure in the left atrium.
What causes the pressure to slowly rise at late diastole?
The pressure in both the atrium and ventricle then increases slowly as they continue to fill with blood.
What may cause an individual's heart rate to change?
Although the heart muscle maintains a base heart rate via myogenic stimulation, there are several circumstances that can cause an individual's heart rate to change, e.g. Exercise, Stress, Relaxation.
What organ is involved in the regulation of the heart rate?
The brain is involved in the regulation of heart rate, though it does not require conscious thought.
What branch of the nervous system increases heart rate?
The branch of the nervous system that does not require conscious thought is known as the autonomic nervous system.
What area of the brain controls heart rate?
The area of the brain that controls heart rate is the cardiovascular centre, located in a region of the brain called the medulla.
Where is the medulla found?
The medulla is found at the base of the brain near the top of the spinal cord.
What connects the medulla to the SAN? (v.basic)
Two nerves connect the medulla with the sinoatrial node (SAN).
Where does one of the nerves connecting the medulla to the SAN connect to, that involves speeding up heart rate?
One nerve connects to the acceleratory centre, which causes the heart to speed up.
What causes nerve to send impulses to acceleratory centre?
This happens in response to low blood pressure, low oxygen concentrations and low pH. These changes might occur during exercise.
What happens to blood vessels during exercise?
The blood vessels dilate, causing a decrease in blood pressure.
What do muscles do during exercise?
The muscle cells are using up oxygen at a faster rate, causing blood oxygen levels to drop.
What does co2 produced during exercise do?
The production of carbon dioxide by respiring cells causes blood pH to decrease.
Where does one of the nerves connecting the medulla to the SAN connect to, that involves slowing down heart rate?
The other nerve connects to the inhibitory centre, which causes the heart to slow down.
What may cause heart rate to slow down?
This happens in response to high blood pressure, high oxygen concentrations and high pH. These changes are likely to occur when the body is at rest.
What hormone is produced during times of excitement/fear?
Epinephrine, also called adrenaline, is produced by the adrenal glands, located above the kidneys, in times of fear, stress, or excitement.
What controls the release of epinephrine?
The brain controls the release of epinephrine from the adrenal glands.
What is the role of epinephrine in relation to heart rate?
Epinephrine increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles, preparing the body for ‘flight or fight’.
Why is glucose production a response to epinephrine?
Increased glucose and oxygen are needed by the cells for aerobic respiration to release energy, e.g. to fuel the muscles to move/run away!