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Biology IB HL - D4 The Heart Part 4

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This deck covers key concepts related to thrombosis, coronary heart disease, artificial pacemakers, and fibrillation, as outlined in the Biology IB HL curriculum.

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What is thrombosis?

Thrombosis is the formation of a clot within a blood vessel that forms part of the circulatory system
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What is thrombosis?
Thrombosis is the formation of a clot within a blood vessel that forms part of the circulatory system
Where does thrombosis occur?
Thrombosis occurs in arteries when the vessels are damaged as a result of the deposition of cholesterol (atherosclerosis)
What forms after thrombosis?
Atheromas (fat deposits) develop in the arteries and significantly reduce the diameter of the vessel (leading to hypertension)
What do atheromas lead to?
thrombosis The high blood pressure damages the arterial wall, forming lesions known as atherosclerotic plaques
What happens if a plaque ruptures?
thrombosis; If a plaque ruptures, blood clotting is triggered, forming a thrombus that restricts blood flow
What happens if a thrombus becomes dislodged?
If the thrombus becomes dislodged it becomes an embolus and can cause blockage at another site
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Biology IB HL - D4 The Heart Part 4
TermDefinition
What is thrombosis?
Thrombosis is the formation of a clot within a blood vessel that forms part of the circulatory system
Where does thrombosis occur?
Thrombosis occurs in arteries when the vessels are damaged as a result of the deposition of cholesterol (atherosclerosis)
What forms after thrombosis?
Atheromas (fat deposits) develop in the arteries and significantly reduce the diameter of the vessel (leading to hypertension)
What do atheromas lead to?
thrombosis The high blood pressure damages the arterial wall, forming lesions known as atherosclerotic plaques
What happens if a plaque ruptures?
thrombosis; If a plaque ruptures, blood clotting is triggered, forming a thrombus that restricts blood flow
What happens if a thrombus becomes dislodged?
If the thrombus becomes dislodged it becomes an embolus and can cause blockage at another site
What can thrombosis in coronary arteries lead to?
Thrombosis in the coronary arteries leads to heart attacks, while thrombosis in the brain causes strokes
What is CHD?
Coronary heart disease (CHD) describes the condition caused by the build up of plaque within the coronary arteries
What is the cause of CHD?
It is essentially the consequence of atherosclerosis in the blood vessels that supply and sustain heart tissue
Is the incidence of CHD the same all around the world?
NO; The incidence of coronary heart disease will vary in different populations according to the occurrence of certain risk factors; E.g. The incidence of CHD under the age of 65 is substantially higher in indigenous Australians (versus non indigenous)
What are the risk factors of coronary heart disease?
Age – Blood vessels become less flexible with advancing age; Genetics – Having hypertension predispose individuals to developing CHD; Obesity – Being overweight places an additional strain on the heart; Diseases – Certain diseases increase the risk of CHD (e.g. diabetes); Diet – Diets rich in saturated fats, salts and alcohol increases the risk; Exercise – Sedentary lifestyles increase the risk of developing CHD; Sex – Males are at a greater risk due to lower oestrogen levels; Smoking – Nicotine causes vasoconstriction, raising blood pressure
What is an artificial pacemaker?
An artificial pacemaker is a medical device that delivers electrical impulses to the heart in order to regulate heart rate
What is the advanatge of modern packemakers?
Modern pacemakers are externally programmable, allowing cardiologists to make adjustments as required
What can artificial pacemakers be used to treat?
Artificial pacemakers are typically used to treat one of two conditions: Abnormally slow heart rates (bradycardia); Arrhythmias arising from blockages within the heart’s electrical conduction system
What is fibrillation?
Fibrillation is the rapid, irregular and unsynchronised contraction of the heart muscle fibres
What does fibrillation cause?
This causes heart muscle to convulse spasmodically rather than beat in concert, preventing the optimal flow of blood
How is fibrillation treated?
Fibrillation is treated by applying a controlled electrical current to the heart via a device called a defibrillator
What does a defibrillator do?
This functions to depolarise the heart tissue in an effort to terminate unsynchronised contractions
How is it known that fibrillation has passed?
Once heart tissue is depolarised, normal sinus rhythm should hopefully be re-established by the sinoatrial node