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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Essentials

Chemistry50 CardsCreated 29 days ago

This deck covers key concepts from the Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Coursebook, including states of matter, atomic structure, bonding, reactions, organic chemistry, and environmental chemistry.

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What are the three states of matter?

Solid, liquid, and gas.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What are the three states of matter?
Solid, liquid, and gas.
Describe the particle arrangement in solids.
Particles are tightly packed and vibrate in fixed positions.
How do particles behave in a liquid?
Particles are close together but can flow past each other.
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Define Brownian motion.
The random movement of particles suspended in a fluid.
What is an atom?
The smallest unit of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Essentials
TermDefinition
What are the three states of matter?
Solid, liquid, and gas.
Describe the particle arrangement in solids.
Particles are tightly packed and vibrate in fixed positions.
How do particles behave in a liquid?
Particles are close together but can flow past each other.
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Define Brownian motion.
The random movement of particles suspended in a fluid.
What is an atom?
The smallest unit of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
What distinguishes an element from a compound?
Elements consist of one type of atom; compounds are made of different elements bonded together.
What is a mixture?
A physical combination of substances that can be separated.
What does a chemical formula represent?
The types and numbers of atoms in a compound.
What is the atomic number?
The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
Define mass number.
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
How do electron configurations affect chemical properties?
They determine how atoms interact and bond with other atoms.
What is ionic bonding?
The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
How do metals and non-metals form ions?
Metals lose electrons to form cations; non-metals gain electrons to form anions.
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
High melting and boiling points, conduct electricity when molten or dissolved.
What is electrolysis?
The process of using electricity to decompose ionic substances.
Define electrolyte.
An ionic compound that conducts electricity when molten or in solution.
What occurs at the cathode during electrolysis?
Positive ions gain electrons.
What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction that releases energy, increasing temperature.
Describe an endothermic reaction.
A reaction that absorbs energy, decreasing temperature.
What is dynamic equilibrium?
When forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate in a closed system.
What factors affect the rate of reaction?
Temperature, concentration, surface area, and catalysts.
What is collision theory?
Reactions occur when particles collide with sufficient energy.
Define acid and base.
Acids produce H⁺ ions in solution; bases produce OH⁻ ions.
What is neutralization?
The reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water.
What is the general formula for alkanes?
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CₙH₂ₙ
What is a functional group?
A specific group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound.
What is polymerization?
The process of forming long-chain molecules from monomers.
What are the main components of air?
Nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%).
What is the greenhouse effect?
The trapping of heat by gases like CO₂ and CH₄, leading to global warming.
How does acid rain form?
From sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides reacting with water vapor.
What is eutrophication?
Excess nutrients cause algal blooms, depleting oxygen and harming aquatic life.
What is sustainable chemistry?
Chemistry that reduces environmental impact by using renewable resources and cleaner processes.
What is the role of a catalyst?
To lower activation energy and increase the rate of reaction without being consumed.
What is the pH range of acids?
Less than 7.
What is the pH range of bases?
Greater than 7.
What is the purpose of a chemical indicator?
To determine the pH of a solution.
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon?
Saturated hydrocarbons have single bonds; unsaturated have double or triple bonds.
What is a monomer?
A small molecule that can join with others to form a polymer.
What is the main use of nitrogen in the atmosphere?
To produce fertilizers.
What is the main effect of carbon monoxide pollution?
It is toxic and reduces oxygen transport in the blood.
What is the main cause of water pollution?
Industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and sewage.
What is the main process for treating polluted water?
Filtration, chlorination, distillation, and reverse osmosis.
What is the effect of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere?
It causes acid rain.
What is the main source of methane in the atmosphere?
Agricultural activities and waste management.
What is the role of oxygen in the environment?
Supports respiration and combustion.
What is the primary function of catalytic converters?
To reduce harmful emissions from vehicles.
What is the main environmental impact of burning fossil fuels?
Air pollution and increased greenhouse gases.