IB Psychology HL - CLOA - Evaluate How Emotion May Affect a Cognitive Process (Memory)

a vivid memory of the circumstances in which one learns of a very surprising/consequential emotional event

NOT the event itself but the memory of its reception context

based on the idea that a neurological framework in the amygdala is activated to enhance memory formation

Main study: Brown and Kulik (1977)

Counter study: Neisser and Harsch (1992)

more vivid

last longer

more consistent

more accurate

overt rehearsal (discussions with others, etc)

- covert rehearsal (thinking about the event, etc)

place (where the event happened)

ongoing activity (what you were doing)

informant (who broke the news)

own affect (how did I feel?)

other affect (how did other people feel?)

aftermath (what did I do next? what happened in the long run?)

supports Craik and Lockhart’s (1972) LoP: emotional events are more likely to be processed more deeply and therefore remembered

to some extent, FBM can explain why very emotional memories are often more vividly remembered over time

generated many empirical studies

empirical support for the idea that emotional events are better remembered than non-emotional events (but psychologists note that the event should have specifi„c personal relevance)

to investigate FBM

American participants were asked questions regarding 10 events

9 of the 10 events were mostly assassinations of famous Americans

the 10th event was a self-selected event of personal significance

assassination of JFK had highest number of FBMs (90% of participants)

African Americans had more FBMs than Caucasians for civil rights/social justice leaders (eg. Martin Luther King)

most participants recalled personal FBMs (e.g. death of a parent)

Williams et al. (2008):

Brown & Kulik (1977) identified 2 important determinants of FBMs (event importance & emotionality)

but surprise is not well supported

some properties are also not well supported (permanence, consistency) while others are supported (confidence, vividness)

Neisser and Harsch (1992):

investigated people’s memory accuracy of the Space Shuttle Challenger crash

participants were very confident their memories were correct

researchers found that 40 per cent of the participants had inaccurate memories

FBM cannot explain why these memories are rarely more accurate than any other memory (except perhaps for some details)

as FBM are ‚”reconstructed memories”ƒ where the emotional importance of the event may influence how the memory is reconstructed (particularly if it’s often overtly rehearsed, or if it doesn’t have much personal relevance

Neisser (1982):

- memories are so clear because the event itself is rehearsed and reconsidered after the event

- what is actually being remembered is not a

memory of an event but a memory of a story about an event

- people remember their reconstruction rather than the actual event

- we end up not remembering the actual information accurately

- thus emotions create inaccuracy in memory

describe + explain

include background info/reasons for every point

give your own judgment and opinion supported by evidence

while discussing strengths and limitations, make clear comments about its significance, usefulness (e.g. how applicable it is, its usefulness in explaining sth), accuracy

when evaluating a theory/model:

• discuss the extent to which the theory can be universally applied – are the explanations culturally- or gender-specific?

• evaluate strengths and limitations of methodology

• judge validity and reliability

• discuss sampling method and relate to the issue of generalizability of findings

• assess if the study has cultural, ethical, and gender considerations