Mathematics /Medical Terminology: Endocrine System Part 5
Medical Terminology: Endocrine System Part 5
This deck covers key terms and conditions related to the endocrine system, focusing on disorders and diseases affecting hormone production and gland function.
Define: Graves' disease
An autoimmune disorder that leads to hyperthyroidism, characterized by overproduction of thyroid hormones and often accompanied by goiter and eye problems. Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Define: Graves' disease
An autoimmune disorder that leads to hyperthyroidism, characterized by overproduction of thyroid hormones and often accompanied by goiter and eye prob...
Define: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
An autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism and often resulting in goiter. Hashimoto’s thy...
Define: Goiter
An enlargement of the thyroid gland that can result from iodine deficiency, autoimmune disease, or other factors, leading to hormonal imbalances. A go...
Define: Thyroid nodules
Lumps or growths that can form in the thyroid gland, which may be benign or malignant and require evaluation for thyroid function and cancer risk. Thy...
Define: Thyroid storm
A life-threatening condition characterized by an extreme overproduction of thyroid hormones, leading to severe symptoms such as fever, tachycardia, an...
Define: Cushing’s syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, leading to symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and skin changes. C...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Define: Graves' disease | An autoimmune disorder that leads to hyperthyroidism, characterized by overproduction of thyroid hormones and often accompanied by goiter and eye problems. Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. |
Define: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | An autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism and often resulting in goiter. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a leading cause of hypothyroidism in the United States. |
Define: Goiter | An enlargement of the thyroid gland that can result from iodine deficiency, autoimmune disease, or other factors, leading to hormonal imbalances. A goiter can be a sign of either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. |
Define: Thyroid nodules | Lumps or growths that can form in the thyroid gland, which may be benign or malignant and require evaluation for thyroid function and cancer risk. Thyroid nodules are often discovered incidentally during imaging studies. |
Define: Thyroid storm | A life-threatening condition characterized by an extreme overproduction of thyroid hormones, leading to severe symptoms such as fever, tachycardia, and confusion. Thyroid storm requires immediate medical treatment to prevent serious complications. |
Define: Cushing’s syndrome | A condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, leading to symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and skin changes. Cushing’s syndrome can result from adrenal tumors or excessive steroid use. |
Define: Addison’s disease | A disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient amounts of cortisol and aldosterone, leading to symptoms like fatigue, weight loss, and low blood pressure. Addison’s disease requires lifelong hormone replacement therapy. |
Define: Adrenal insufficiency | A condition where the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of hormones, particularly cortisol, leading to various symptoms including fatigue and low blood pressure. Adrenal insufficiency can be primary, secondary, or tertiary in origin. |
Define: Hyperaldosteronism | A condition characterized by excessive production of aldosterone from the adrenal glands, leading to high blood pressure and low potassium levels. Hyperaldosteronism can cause significant cardiovascular complications. |
Define: Pheochromocytoma | A rare tumor of the adrenal glands that secretes catecholamines, leading to episodes of hypertension, palpitations, and sweating. Pheochromocytoma can cause severe hypertension and requires surgical intervention. |
Define: Acromegaly | A hormonal disorder caused by excess growth hormone, leading to the enlargement of bones and tissues, particularly in the face and hands. Acromegaly often results from a pituitary adenoma and can lead to significant health issues. |
Define: Gigantism | A condition resulting from excessive growth hormone production during childhood, leading to abnormal growth and height. Gigantism can have profound effects on physical development and health. |
Define: Dwarfism | A condition characterized by significantly shorter stature than average, often caused by genetic or hormonal factors affecting growth. Dwarfism can result from a variety of conditions, including growth hormone deficiency. |
Define: Hypopituitarism | A condition in which the pituitary gland fails to produce one or more of its hormones or does not produce enough of them. Patients with hypopituitarism may experience fatigue and weight loss due to hormone deficiencies. |
Define: Hyperpituitarism | A condition characterized by the excessive production of hormones by the pituitary gland, often due to a tumor. Hyperpituitarism can lead to symptoms like acromegaly or Cushing's disease. |
Define: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | A hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges, often associated with irregular menstrual cycles and metabolic issues. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may struggle with fertility due to hormonal imbalances. |
Define: Hypogonadism | A condition in which the body does not produce enough testosterone in men or estrogen in women, leading to various symptoms. Hypogonadism can result in decreased libido and muscle mass in affected individuals. |
Define: Hypergonadism | A condition characterized by excessive production of sex hormones, which can lead to various health issues. Hypergonadism may cause early puberty in children or hormone-related disorders in adults. |
Define: Androgen insensitivity syndrome | A genetic disorder where individuals who are genetically male are resistant to male hormones (androgens), resulting in female physical traits. Individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome may be raised as girls despite having XY chromosomes. |
Define: Hyperparathyroidism | A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone, leading to elevated calcium levels in the blood. Hyperparathyroidism can cause symptoms such as kidney stones and bone pain. |