Pharmacology /Pharm Y2S2 - Gastro Part 2

Pharm Y2S2 - Gastro Part 2

Pharmacology36 CardsCreated about 2 months ago

This deck covers key concepts related to gastrointestinal pharmacology, including conditions, treatments, and medications. It includes definitions, treatment protocols, and examples of drugs used in various gastrointestinal disorders.

What is achlorydia?

Common with long term use of PPI | Low gastric acid production associated with adverse events
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What is achlorydia?
Common with long term use of PPI | Low gastric acid production associated with adverse events
What are the risks associated with long term use of PPIs?
Pneumonia Fracture risk Osteoporosis Reduced calcium absorption GI infection risk Mask GI cancer symptoms
Define diarrhoea.
Abnormal passing of loose/liquid stools at increased frequency/volume Generally >70% water
What are the red flag symptoms of diarrhoea?
Unexplained weight loss Blood in stools Systemic illness Foreign travel Symptoms lasting over 1 week Severe pain
What are the common pathogens causing diarrhoea?
E. coli Campylobacter Salmonella Shigella
What is the normal treatment for diarrhoea?
Oral rehydration to replace lost electrolytes | Formulated with dextrose and citrate/bicarbonate

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TermDefinition
What is achlorydia?
Common with long term use of PPI | Low gastric acid production associated with adverse events
What are the risks associated with long term use of PPIs?
Pneumonia Fracture risk Osteoporosis Reduced calcium absorption GI infection risk Mask GI cancer symptoms
Define diarrhoea.
Abnormal passing of loose/liquid stools at increased frequency/volume Generally >70% water
What are the red flag symptoms of diarrhoea?
Unexplained weight loss Blood in stools Systemic illness Foreign travel Symptoms lasting over 1 week Severe pain
What are the common pathogens causing diarrhoea?
E. coli Campylobacter Salmonella Shigella
What is the normal treatment for diarrhoea?
Oral rehydration to replace lost electrolytes | Formulated with dextrose and citrate/bicarbonate
What does loperamide do?
Increases salt and water reabsorption by reducing gut motility
What is the antidote for opioids?
Naloxone
Give examples of antispasmodics.
Meberverine | Dicyclomine
When is ciprofloxacin used in IBD?
Prophylaxis of infection from shigella/salmonella
Give an example of a probiotic?
Lactobacilli
What is racecadotril?
Oral enkephalinase inhibitor reducing hyper secretion of water and electrolytes into the gut lumen
What is kaolin?
Very low dose morphine used to bulk out stools
What is co-phenotrope?
Diphenoxylate and atropine
When is the rotavirus vaccine given?
Two doses at 2 and 3 months old
What is pseudomembranous colitis?
Caused by C. difficile and transmitted due to poor hygiene, often associated with antibiotic use
How is pseudomembranous colitis treated?
Metronidazole 400mg tds Oral vancomycin 125mg qds Used for 1-2 weeks and can be used together if no resolution
What is ulcerative colitis?
Inflammation of the mucosa of the rectum and colon
What is Crohn's disease?
Patchy, transmural inflammation of the entire gastrointestinal tract
How is IBS managed?
Corticosteroids Mild- enemas, suppositories Diffuse disease- oral aminosalicylate Severe- hospitalisation, IV corticosteroid and immunosuppressants
What is sulphasalazine?
Medication used in IBS with no response to local therapy to maintain remission
What are the side effects of sulphasalazine?
Headaches Nausea Infertility in males Anaemia
What is the treatment for acute relapse of IBD?
IV hydrocortisone/prednisolone | Immunosuppressants where above does not work (cyclosporin, methotrexate, azothioprine)
What are cytokine modulators?
Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors given as a 12 month course in IBD
Give examples of cytokine modulators.
Infliximab, adalimumab
Define constipation.
Excessive water removal causing less frequent, hard stools
Give examples of causes of constipation.
Diet and lack of fluid Diverticulae Paralysis Drugs- opiates, CCBs
What are bulking agents?
Stimulate peristalsis to reduce constipation
Give examples of bulking agents.
Ispaghula husk | Dietary fibre
What are osmotic laxatives?
Increase water content of the bowel
Give examples of osmotic laxatives.
Lactulose | Macrogol
Give examples of softening agents.
Docusate | Glycerol
What is coeliacs disease?
Autoimmune response to gluten, causing damage to brush border of small intestine and reduced absorption
What are common indications for prescribing ACBS?
Disease related malnutrition Intractable mal absorption Dysphagia Pre-operation preparation Short bowel syndrome/bowel fistula
What is the most common reason for a temporary stoma?
The divert faeces away from surgical site or obstruction
Give some examples of problems that may occur with appliances such as stomas.
Leaking Stoma size changes Skin problems Dexterity Odours