Normal Dominant Flora of Skin
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Key Terms
Normal Dominant Flora of Skin
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Normal Dominant Flora of Nose
Staph epidermidis. Colonies by Staph aureus
Normal Dominant Flora of Oropharynx
Viridans Group Strep
Normal Dominant Flora of Dental plaques
Streptococcus mutans
Normal Dominant Flora of Colon
Bacteroides fragilis (more)
E. coli (less)
Normal Dominant Flora of Vagina
Lactobacillus
Colonies by E coli and GBS
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Normal Dominant Flora of Skin | Staphylococcus epidermidis |
Normal Dominant Flora of Nose | Staph epidermidis. Colonies by Staph aureus |
Normal Dominant Flora of Oropharynx | Viridans Group Strep |
Normal Dominant Flora of Dental plaques | Streptococcus mutans |
Normal Dominant Flora of Colon | Bacteroides fragilis (more) E. coli (less) |
Normal Dominant Flora of Vagina | Lactobacillus Colonies by E coli and GBS |
Neonates delivered by Cesarean section re flora? | They have no flora but are rapidly colonized after birth |
Staph aureus and B cereus food poisoning course | Starts quickly and ends quickly |
Contaminated seafood | Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V vulnificus (can cause wound infection from contact with contaminated water or shellfish) |
Reheated rice | “be serious” B cereus |
Meats, Mayonnaise, Custard | S aureus |
Reheated meat dishes leading to watery diarrhea | Clostridium perfringens |
Improperly canned foods (bulging cans) | Clostridium botulinum |
Undercooked meat | E coli O157:H7 |
Poultry, meat, eggs | Salmonella |
Bugs that can mimic appendicitis | Yersinia enterocolitica causes mesenteric adenitis Nontyphoidal Salmonella Campylobacter jejuni |
Causes of Bloody Diarrhea with signs | Campylobacter: Comma or S shaped, grows at 42 Salmonella: Lac-, Flagella Shigella: Lac-, low ID50 EHEC, EIEC Yersinia enterocolitica: Daycare outbreaks, pseudoappendicitis Entamoeba histolytica |
Causes of Watery Diarrhea | Enterotoxigenic E coli: Traveler’s, ST and LT toxin V Cholerae: comma-shaped, rice-water C difficile: bloody w/ pseudomembranous colitis C perfringens: also gas gangrene Protazoa: Giardia, Cryptosporidium (in immunocompromised) Rotavirus, Norovirus |
Pneumonia in neonate (less than 4 weeks) | GBS, E coli |
Pneumonia in children (4 weeks to 18 years) | “Runts May Cough Chunky Sputum” RSV, Mycoplasma, C. pneumoniae (school age), Chlamydia trachomatis (infant to 3 years), Streptococcus pneumoniae |
Pneumonia in adults (18 years to 40 years) | Mycoplasma, C pneumoniae, S pneumoniae |
Pneumonia in adults (40 years to 65 years) | S pneumoniae, H influenzae, Anaerobes, Viruses, Mycoplasma |
Pneumonia in elderly | S pneumoniae, Influenza, Anaerobes, H influenzae, H influenzae, Gram- rods |
Special Nosocomial Infections | Staph, Enteric Gram negative Rods |
Special Immunocompromised infections | Staphylococcus, Enteric Gram- rods, Fungi, Viruses, Pneumocystis jirovecii - w/ HIV |
Special infections with aspiration | Anaerobes |
Special infections w/ EtOH and IV drug users | S pneumoniae, Klebsiella, Staph |
Special infections in CF | Pseudomonas, S aureus, S pneumoniae |
Special infections in Post-Viral pt | Staph, H influenzae, S pneumoniae |
Bugs that cause atypical pneumonia | Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia |
Meningitis in a newborn (0 to 6 months) | GBS, E coli, Listeria |
Meningitis in a child (6 months to 6 years) PathoPhys Presentation | Streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis Enteroviruses Haemophilus influenzae type B Polio Last 2 in non immunized children Microbe colonizes nasopharynx leading to myalgias and paralysis |
Meningitis in a adults (6 years to 60 years) | S pneumoniae N meningitidis (#1 in teens) Enteroviruses HSV |
Meningitis in elderly (60+) | S pneumoniae Gram- rods Listeria |
Meningitis Treatment | Ceftiazone and Vancomycin empirically | Add ampicillin if Listeria is suspected |
Viral causes of meningitis | Enterovirus (esp coxsackievirus), HSV2 (HSV1 = encephalitis), HIV, West Nile Virus, VZV |
Meningitis in HIV pt | Cryptococcus, CMV, toxoplasmosis (brain abscess), JC virus (PML) |
Recent changes in H influenzae meningitis | Decreased with introduction of conjugate H influenzae vaccine in last 10-15 years. Todays cases are in un-immunized children |
CSF findings in Bacterial meningitis Opening pressure Cell type Protein Sugar | Opening pressure ↑ PMNs Protein ↑ Sugar ↓ |
CSF findings in Viral meningitis Opening pressure Cell type Protein Sugar | Opening pressure Normal or ↑ Lymphocytes Protein is Normal or ↑ Sugar is Normal |
CSF findings in Fungal/TB meningitis Opening pressure Cell type Protein Sugar | Opening pressure ↑ Lymphocytes Protein is Normal or ↑ Sugar ↓ |
Osteomyelitis w/ nothing else | S aureus |
Osteomyelitis in sexually active individual | Neisseria gonorrhoeae (rare), septic arthritis more common |
Osteomyelitis in diabetic or IV drug user | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia |
Osteomyelitis in Sickle cell disease | Salmonella |
Osteomyelitis in Prosthetic replacement | S aureus and S epidermidis |
Osteomyelitis in Vertebral disease | Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Pott's disease) |
Osteomyelitis in cat and dog bite/scratches | Pasteurella multocida |
Osteomyelitis Mostly in… Signs | Children | Elevated CRP and ESR |
UTIs Presentation Labs PathoPhys Causes in males Causes in elderly Can progress to... | Dysuria, Frequency, Urgency, Suprapubic pain WBCs (but not casts) in urine Males: infants w/ congenital defects, vesicoureteral reflux Elderly: Enlarged prostate Pyelonephritis |
Pyelonephritis presentation | Fever, Chills, Flank pain, CVA tenderness, Hematuria, WBC casts |
UTIs in women Frequency Predisposing factors | 10x more likely in women because of shorter urethra colonized by fecal flora Obstruction, Kidney surgery, Catheterization, GU malformation, Diabetes, Pregnancy |
UTI Dx markers | +Leukocyte esterase test = bacterial UTI +Nitrite test = Gram- bacterial UTI +Urease test = Proteus, Klebsiella -Urease test = E coli or Enterococcus |
UTI bugs | E coli: #1. Green metallic sheen on EMB Staph saprophyticus: #2 Klebsiella: #3. Large mucoid capsule + viscous colonies Serratia: Red pigment. Nosocomial and drug resistant Enterobacter cloacae: Nosocomial and drug resistant Proteus mirabilis: Swarming on agar, Urease+, Struvite stones Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Blue-green pigment, fruity odor. Nosocomial and drug resistant |
ToRCHeS Infection What are they? Presentation | Mother --> fetus. Transplacental in most cases or via delivery (HSV2) HSM, Jaundice, Thrombocytopenia, Growth retardation |
Names of ToRCHeS Infection | Toxoplasma gondii Rubella CMV HIV HSV2 Syphilis |
Toxoplasma gondii Mode of transmission Maternal manifestation Neonatal manifestation | Cat feces or ingestion of undercooked meat Usually asymptomatic; Lymphadenopathy (rarely) Classic Triad: Chorioretinitis, Hdyrocephalus, and Intracranial calcification |
Rubella Mode of transmission Maternal manifestation Neonatal manifestation | Respiratory droplets Rash, Lymphadenopathy, Arthritis Classic triad: PDA (or pulmonary artery hypoplasia), Cataracts, and Deafness Blueberry muffin rash |
CMV Mode of transmission Maternal manifestation Neonatal manifestation | Sexual contact, organ transplant Usually asymptomatic. Mononucleosis-like illness Hearing loss, Seizures, Petechial rash, Blueberry muffin rash |
HIV Mode of transmission Maternal manifestation Neonatal manifestation | Sexual contact, Needlestick Variable presentation depending on CD4 count Recurrent infections, Chronic diarrhea |
HSV2 Mode of transmission Maternal manifestation Neonatal manifestation | Skin or mucous membrane contact Usually asymptomatic. Herpetic (vesicular lesions) Encephalitis, Herpetic (vesicular) lesions |
Syphilis Mode of transmission Maternal manifestation Neonatal manifestation | Sexual contact Chancre (primary) and disseminated rash (secondary) are the 2 stages likely to result in fetal infection Stillbirth, Hydrops Fetalis If child survives presents with facial abnormalities [notched teeth (Hutchinson's teeth), saddle nose, short maxilla, Dry wrinkled skin, yellow-brown hue, hemorrhagic rhinitis], saber sings, CN VIII deafness |
Childhood rash that begins at head and moves down --> fine truncal rash | Rubella virus | Usually associated with lymphadenopathy |
Childhood rash beginning at head and moving down preceded by cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and blue-white spots on buccal mucus | Measles |
Childhood vesicular rash beginning on trunk and spreading to face and extremities with lesions of different ages | Chickenpox (VZV) |
Childhood (infant) macular rash over body appears after several days of high fever, febrile seizures | Roseola (HHV6) |
Childhood "slapped cheek" rash on face | Erythema infectionsum (parvovirus B19) Can cause hydrops fetalis in pregnant women) |
Childhood erythematous sandpaper rash with fever and sore throat | Scarlet fever from Strep pyogenes |
Childhood vesicular rash on palms and soles with ulcers in oral mucosa | Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease (Coxsackievirus A) |
Urethritis, Cervicitis, PID, Prostatitis, Epididymitis, arthritis, Creamy purulent discharge | Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
Painless Chancre | Primary syphilis (Treponema pallidum) |
Fever, lymphadenopathy, Skin rashes, Condylomata lata | Secondary syphilis (Treponema pallidum) |
Gummas, Tabes Dorsalis, General Paresis, Aortitis, Argyll Robertson pupil | Tertiary syphilis (Treponema pallidum) |
Painful genital ulcer with inguinal adenopathy | Chancroid caused by Haemophilus ducreyi | "It's so painful, you DO CRY" |
Painful penile, vulvar, or cervical vesicles and ulcers | Fever, Headache, Myalgia | Genital herpes | HSV2. Less commonly HSV1 |
Urethritis, Cervicitis, Conjunctivitis, Reiter's Syndrome, PID | Chlamydia from Chlamydia trachomatis (D-K) |
Infection of lymphatics, Genital ulcers, Lymphadenopathy, Rectal strictures | Lymphogranuloma venereum from Chlamydia trachomatis (L1-L3) |
Vaginitis, Strawberry colored mucosa, motile in wet prep | Trichomonas vaginalis |
Opportunistic infections Kaposi sarcoma, Lymphoma | AIDS from HIV |
Genital warts, Koilocytes | HPV 6 and 11 |
Jaundice | HBV |
Non-Inflammatory, Malodorous Discharge (fishy smell), Positive whiff test, Clue cells | Gardnerella vaginalis |
PID Causes Presentation May include… | Chlamydia trachomatis (subacute, often undiagnosed), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (acute) Cervical motion tenderness (chandelier sign), Purulent cervical discharge Salpingitis, Endometriosis, Hydrosalpinx, Tubo-Ovarian Abscess |
PID can lead to… | Hugh-Curtis Syndrome | Infection of the liver capsule and violin string adhesion of parietal peritoneium to liver |
Salpingitis is a risk factor for… | Ectopic pregnancy, Infertility, Chronic pelvic pain, Adhesions |
Nosocomial infections in a newborn nursery | CMV, RSV |
Nosocomial infections in urinary catheterizations | E coli, Proteus, Mirabilis |
Nosocomial infections in Respiratory Therapy Equipment | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | "Presume Pseudomas when Air or Water are involved" |
Nosocomial infections for work in renal dialysis unit | HBV |
Nosocomial infections in hyperalimentation | Candida albicans |
Nosocomial infections in water aerosols | Legionella |
Painful throat. Grayish oropharyngeal exudate in painful throat in an un-immunized child | Corynebacterium diphtheriae elaborating toxin that causes necrosis pharynx, cardiac and CNS tissue |
Fever, dyspnea, Drooling, difficulty breathing due to cherry red edematous epiglottis in un-immunized child | H influenzae type B | Can cause epiglottitis in fully immunized children too |
Pus, Empyema, Abscess | S aureus |
Pediatric infection | Haemophilus influenzae (including epiglottitis) |
Pneumonia in CF or burn pt | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Branching rods in oral infection w/ sulfur granules | Actinomyces israelii |
Traumatic open wound | Clostridium perfringens |
Surgical wound | S aures |
Dog or cat bite | Paseurella multocida |
Currant jelly sputum | Klebsiella |
+PAS stain | Tropheryma whippelei |
Sepsis/Meningitis in a newborn | GBS |
Healthcare provider | HBV from needlestick |
Fungal infection in diabetic or immunocompromised pt | Mucor or Rhizopus |
Asplenic pt | Encapsulated microbes "SHiN" S pneumoniae, H influenzae type B, N Meningitidis |
Chronic Granulomatous disease | Catalase+ microbes esp S aureus |
Neutropenic pt | Candida albicans (systemic), Aspergillus |
Facial nerve palsy | Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) |
Infectious cause of pericarditis | Coxsackie B |
Best Way to Prevent Tetanus? | Vaccinate Mother |
Most common causes of UTIs? | E coli | Staph saprophyticus |
Sepsis with black rash | Pseudomonas |