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List and describe the four principles of natural selection.

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Step 1: Begin by introducing the concept of natural selection, which is a key mechanism of evolution.

It was first proposed by Charles Darwin in his book "On the Origin of Species." Natural selection occurs when certain traits in a population become more common or less common over time because those traits help or hinder an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. **Step 2:** Describe the first principle: **Variation.** Explain that variation is the differences in traits among individuals within a population. These differences arise due to genetic differences and environmental factors. In order for natural selection to occur, there must be variation within the population. **Step 3:** Describe the second principle: **Overproduction.** Explain that most species produce more offspring than can survive to maturity. This leads to competition for limited resources such as food, water, and shelter. **Step 4:** Describe the third principle: **Struggle for Existence.** Explain that the competition for limited resources creates a struggle for existence among organisms. Those with traits that give them an advantage in obtaining resources are more likely to survive and reproduce. **Step 5:** Describe the fourth principle: **Differential Reproductive Success.** Explain that individuals with traits that enhance their ability to survive and reproduce will pass on these traits to their offspring. Over time, these traits become more common within the population, leading to evolution by natural selection. **

Final Answer

1. Variation: The differences in traits among individuals within a population. 2. Overproduction: Most species produce more offspring than can survive to maturity, leading to competition for limited resources. 3. Struggle for Existence: The competition for limited resources creates a struggle for existence among organisms. 4. Differential Reproductive Success: Individuals with traits that enhance their ability to survive and reproduce will pass on these traits to their offspring, leading to evolution by natural selection.

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