2024-2025 Parathyroid Disorders (PEARLS) (Smarty PANCE) with Answers (52 Solved Questions)
2024-2025 Parathyroid Disorders gives you insight into exam patterns with actual previous tests.
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Parathyroid disorders
(PEARLS) (Smarty PANCE)
100% VERIFIED ANSWERS
2024/2025
Where is parathyroid hormone produced?
Parathyroid hormone comes from the parathyroid glands which are buried within the
thyroid gland
What is the main job of the parathyroid glands?
Their main job is to keep blood calcium levels stable
How does parathyroid hormone affect calcium and phosphate levels in the
blood?
Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium and decreases phosphate level.
How are changes in the body’s levels of extracellular calcium detected?
Changes in the body's levels of extracellular calcium are detected by a surface receptor
in parathyroid cells that's called the calcium-sensing receptor. These changes affect the
amount of parathyroid hormone that's released by the parathyroid gland.
How does parathyroid hormone function in the body?
Parathyroid hormone gets the bones to release calcium, it gets the kidneys to
reabsorb more calcium so it's not lost in the urine, and it synthesizes calcitriol, which
is also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, or active vitamin D. Active vitamin D
then goes on to cause the gastrointestinal tract to increase calcium
absorption. Altogether, these effects help to keep the extracellular levels of calcium
within a narrow range that's between 8.5 to 10 mg/dl.
(PEARLS) (Smarty PANCE)
100% VERIFIED ANSWERS
2024/2025
Where is parathyroid hormone produced?
Parathyroid hormone comes from the parathyroid glands which are buried within the
thyroid gland
What is the main job of the parathyroid glands?
Their main job is to keep blood calcium levels stable
How does parathyroid hormone affect calcium and phosphate levels in the
blood?
Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium and decreases phosphate level.
How are changes in the body’s levels of extracellular calcium detected?
Changes in the body's levels of extracellular calcium are detected by a surface receptor
in parathyroid cells that's called the calcium-sensing receptor. These changes affect the
amount of parathyroid hormone that's released by the parathyroid gland.
How does parathyroid hormone function in the body?
Parathyroid hormone gets the bones to release calcium, it gets the kidneys to
reabsorb more calcium so it's not lost in the urine, and it synthesizes calcitriol, which
is also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, or active vitamin D. Active vitamin D
then goes on to cause the gastrointestinal tract to increase calcium
absorption. Altogether, these effects help to keep the extracellular levels of calcium
within a narrow range that's between 8.5 to 10 mg/dl.
Define primary HPTH
In primary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid gland is responsible for the problem,
because it makes parathyroid hormone independently of the calcium level. Excess
parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and makes the kidneys
hold on to calcium and get rid of phosphate - resulting in hypercalcemia and
hypophosphatemia. It's marked by elevated calcium and low phosphorus. Usually
caused by a PTH secreting parathyroid ADENOMA
What are the etiologies of primary HPTH and percentages?
The most most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is parathyroid
adenoma which is a benign tumor ( 85%), Hyperplasia (10%), Carcinoma ( 1%)
What percentage of adenomas are not single but found in more than one gland?
5% of adenomas are found in more than one gland
Define secondary HPTH
In secondary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid gland is normal but ↑ PTH by
a physiologic response to hypocalcemia or vitamin D deficiency
Causes of secondary HPTH?
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by chronic hypocalcemia which cause the
parathyroid gland to makes excess parathyroid hormone. Causes include calcium
wasting caused by renal failure or decreased GI calcium absorption, rickets or
osteomalacia; calcium levels are usually low. Chronic kidney disease is the most
common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Define tertiary HPTH
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is a situation where individuals who have had
secondary hyperparathyroidism for many years develop primary hyperparathyroidism. In
tertiary hyperparathyroidism parts of the parathyroid gland start making parathyroid
hormone independently of blood calcium levels - resulting in hypercalcemia.
How can you remember the symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism?
In primary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid gland is responsible for the problem,
because it makes parathyroid hormone independently of the calcium level. Excess
parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and makes the kidneys
hold on to calcium and get rid of phosphate - resulting in hypercalcemia and
hypophosphatemia. It's marked by elevated calcium and low phosphorus. Usually
caused by a PTH secreting parathyroid ADENOMA
What are the etiologies of primary HPTH and percentages?
The most most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is parathyroid
adenoma which is a benign tumor ( 85%), Hyperplasia (10%), Carcinoma ( 1%)
What percentage of adenomas are not single but found in more than one gland?
5% of adenomas are found in more than one gland
Define secondary HPTH
In secondary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid gland is normal but ↑ PTH by
a physiologic response to hypocalcemia or vitamin D deficiency
Causes of secondary HPTH?
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by chronic hypocalcemia which cause the
parathyroid gland to makes excess parathyroid hormone. Causes include calcium
wasting caused by renal failure or decreased GI calcium absorption, rickets or
osteomalacia; calcium levels are usually low. Chronic kidney disease is the most
common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Define tertiary HPTH
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is a situation where individuals who have had
secondary hyperparathyroidism for many years develop primary hyperparathyroidism. In
tertiary hyperparathyroidism parts of the parathyroid gland start making parathyroid
hormone independently of blood calcium levels - resulting in hypercalcemia.
How can you remember the symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism?
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Physician Assistant National Certifying Exam