2024 PENN FOSTER VETERINARY Pharmacology Final Exam With Answers (492 Solved Questions)

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PENN FOSTER VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGYFINAL EXAM | ALL SOLVEDSOLUTIONS| 100%CORRECTGRADED A| 2024 UPDATEDescribe how drugs affect the nervous system-✔✔✔ANSWER Drugs affect thenervous system by acting at the synaptic junctions to promote neurotransmitter'sactivity, mimic their actions, or block them from acting.Identify examples of respiratory drugs-✔✔✔ANSWER Expectorants, mucolytics,antitussives, bronchodilators, decongestantsList which drugs are used to relieve pain and inflammation-✔✔✔ANSWERNSAIDs, Opioids, Antihistamines, muscle relaxers, steroids, nerve blocksSummarize the difference between ophthalmic and otic drugs-✔✔✔ANSWERCompare and contrast cardiovascular and gastrointestinal drugs-✔✔✔ANSWERDescribe how antiparasitic drugs work-✔✔✔ANSWER Antiparasitic drugs workby destroying parasites or inhibiting their growth. Most work by interfering withthe parasite's nervous system to prevent them from moving.Discuss why replacement drugs are often necessary for animal health-✔✔✔ANSWERExplain the veterinary technician's role in inventory control-✔✔✔ANSWERkeeping the staff informed regarding discontinued items, knowing the dates onwhich backordered items will be released from the vendor, packing up goodsawaiting return to the vendor (e.g., expired items), rotating stock correctly,maintaining current prices on all products, organizing inventory for ease oflocationand counting, receiving and inspecting orders on arrival at the veterinaryfacility, and learning about new products.Define: Agonist-✔✔✔ANSWER Drug that has affinity for a receptor/stimulatesreceptor into action

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Define: Contraindication-✔✔✔ANSWERA reason not to use a drug in aparticular situationDefine: Efficacy-✔✔✔ANSWER the degree to which a drug produces its desiredresponse.Define: Over-the-counter drug-✔✔✔ANSWER One that may be purchasedwithout prescription from a veterinarianDefine: Prescription Drug-✔✔✔ANSWER One that must be used under thesupervision of a veterinarinaDefine: Receptor-✔✔✔ANSWER a group of specialized molecules on or in a cellthat bind with a drug to produce an effectDefine: Therapeutic Index-✔✔✔ANSWERexpresses the relationship between adrug's therapeutic and harmful effectsDefine: Withdrawl Time-✔✔✔ANSWER Amount of time that must elapsebetween the end of drug therapy and elimination of that drug from patientstissues or productsDefine: Veterinarian-client-patient relationship-✔✔✔ANSWER Relationship thatmust exist between the vet, the patient, and the owner before prescription drugscan be dispensed.List 4 sources of drugs used in Vet Med-✔✔✔ANSWER Animal product, plantmaterial, minerals, synthetic productsWhat are 4 components of a drug regimen?-✔✔✔ANSWER Dose, route,frequency, and duration of administration.Discuss the conditions that must be met before a valid veterinarian-client-patientrelationship can be shown to exist-✔✔✔ANSWER 1.vet must assumeresponsibility for making clinical judgments in relation to health of the animal.2. Vet must have recently seen the animal and be acquainted with it's care.3.Vet must be available for follow-up care of the animal

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Discuss the responsibilities of a vet tech in the administration of drug orders-✔✔✔ANSWER To carry out the vet's orders correctly. should read the drug labelthree times to ensure proper drug is being administered and should take care toadminister correct dose by correct route. Should be aware of the expected affectsand potential adverse side effects and be able to monitor the patient.Describe the sequence of events that a drug undergoes from administration toexcretion-✔✔✔ANSWER Drug is absorbed (or placed directly) into thebloodstream, the drug may bind with plasma in the blood or may exist in freestate, circulating blood distributes drug to capillary level where it leavescirculation and enters interstitial fluid. it bathes the cell and allows drug to bind tocell surface receptors or enter the cell. It then exits the cell and moves back intointerstitial fluid, reenters circulation, and is transported to liver for metabolism.The metabolite is then transported to kidneys for excretion.List 11 possible routesfor administering a drug to a patient.-✔✔✔ANSWER Oral,subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraarterial,intracardiac, intramedullary, inhalation, topical, intradermalList some of the factors that influence drug absorption-✔✔✔ANSWER Methodof absorption, pH of the drug and ionization status, absorptive surface area, bloodsupply to area, solubility of drug, dosage form, status of GI tract, and interactionswith other drugsMost biotransformation occurs in the_____-✔✔✔ANSWERLiverMost drug excretion occurs via the ______-✔✔✔ANSWER KidneysDrugs usually produce their effects by combining with specific cellular_____-✔✔✔ANSWER ReceptorsThe drug name chosen by the manufacturer and is exclusive property of thatcompany iscalled-✔✔✔ANSWER Trade/Proprietary NameWhat are the 6 items that must be included on drug label?-✔✔✔ANSWERnames (generic and trade) concentration, quantity, name and address ofmanufacturer, control or lot number, expiration date

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What are three government agencies that regulate the development, approval,and use of animal health products?-✔✔✔ANSWER FDA, EPA, USDAWhy do many vet clinics dispense rather than prescribe most of the drugs thatthey use?-✔✔✔ANSWER Profit earned from selling productsDescribe the marketing of animal health products-✔✔✔ANSWER Purchasedfrom manufacturers, distributors, or generic mail order companies. May be soldonly one label to graduate veterinarians and under another as over-the-counterall FDA-approved veterinary drugs are listed in the publication entitled_____-✔✔✔ANSWER The Green BookWhat is the purpose of FARAD?-✔✔✔ANSWER Provides resources concerningthe avoidance of drug residues in animalsExtralabel veterinary drug use was made legal (under prescribed circumstances)by what act of congress?-✔✔✔ANSWER Animal Medicinal Drug Use ClarificationAct (AMDUCA)Define Compounding-✔✔✔ANSWER Diluting or combingin existing drugsWhat are potential dangers of residues in animal products-✔✔✔ANSWER Maycause allergic reaction or neoplasia in people, may cause the development ofantibiotic-resistant strains of bacteriaList3 classes of drug interactions-✔✔✔ANSWER Pharmacodynamic,pharmacokinetic, and pharmaceuticDrug interaction can be anticipated when two drugs are given that are bothmetabolized by the_____-✔✔✔ANSWER LiverDefine: Ethical Product-✔✔✔ANSWER one sold only through veterinarians as apolicy of the manufacturer rather than by FDA requirementOnce a drug has been biotransformed, it is called a_____-✔✔✔ANSWERMetaboliteA reason to use a drug is a(n)_____-✔✔✔ANSWER IndicationDiagnostic method ofchoosing a drug is based on all of the following except

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a. Practical experienceb. Assesment of the patientc. Obtaining a historyd. Performing lab tests-✔✔✔ANSWER A. Practical experience.Define: extralabel-✔✔✔ANSWER Using a drug in a way not specified by thelabelComplex sequence of events that occurs after a drug is administered is called____-✔✔✔ANSWER PharmacokineticsParenteral drugs are administered________-✔✔✔ANSWER by injections.The body's ability to change a drug chemically from theform in which it wasadministered into a form that can be eliminated from the body is called_____-✔✔✔ANSWER Metabolism (biotransformation)Degree to which a drug produces its desired response in a patient iscalled________-✔✔✔ANSWER efficacyAn adverse drug reaction is always life-threatening. T/F?-✔✔✔ANSWER FalseList the six practices recommended by the AVMA for the safe disposal ofunwanted drugs.-✔✔✔ANSWER 1.Incinerate when possible2.Send to landfill when incinerated3.Never flush down drain or toilet4.Maintain close inventory control5.Follow state and federal guidelines6.Educate clients on proper disposal techniques.Name 4 common Drug Preparations-✔✔✔ANSWER Drugs for oraladministration, drugs for parenteral administration, drugs for inhalation, anddrugs for topical inhalations.

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Boluses are used in the treatment of-✔✔✔ANSWER Large animals with a ballinggunname two types of parenteral injection forms-✔✔✔ANSWER injections,implants.Vials may be either ___ dose or ___ dose-✔✔✔ANSWER single-, multi-All needles should be discarded in a _____-✔✔✔ANSWER sharps containerName the 6 rights of drug administration-✔✔✔ANSWER Right patient, rightdrug, right dose, rightroute, right time and frequency, rightdocumentationOral drugs should never be adminsitered in animals that are-✔✔✔ANSWERVomitingIntravenous administration of drugs allows the most _____and effectiveadministration-✔✔✔ANSWER RapidAn indwelling catheter should be replaced with a new one every ____ hours-✔✔✔ANSWER 72A Simplex (gravity set) IV system is used to administer fluids to ____ animals-✔✔✔ANSWER largeName six items thatshould be recorded in the controlled substance log-✔✔✔ANSWER Date, owner's name, patient's name, drug name, amount dispensed oradministered, name(s) of personnel administering the drug to the patientWhy should drugs be given by injection not be storedin syringes for any length oftime before administration?-✔✔✔ANSWER The plastic syringe may absorb thedrug, which may cause it to be less effectiveList 4 types of syringe tips that are available for use-✔✔✔ANSWER luer-lock,slip-tip, eccentric, catheter tipA tuberculin syringe holds up to _____mL of medication-✔✔✔ANSWER 1

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A(n) ______ is an agent that produces superficial irritation that is intended torelieve some other irritation-✔✔✔ANSWER Counter irritantWhat type of syringe is divided into units rather than mls?-✔✔✔ANSWERinsulin syringeA(n) _____ will usually separate after long periods of shelf life and must beshaken well before use to provide a uniform dose-✔✔✔ANSWER suspensionWhich syringe is constructed in such a way that the needle screws onto the tip ofthe syringe?-✔✔✔ANSWER Luer-Lok tipAll of the following are sites for IV administration in small animals excepta. jugular veinb. carotid arteryc. lateral saphenous veind. phalic vein-✔✔✔ANSWER b. carotid arteryIfan IV catheter is not used continuously it should be flushed with heparinizedsaline every ___ to ___ hours-✔✔✔ANSWER 8,12Cerumen is a substance that is commonly found in what anatomic part of thebody?-✔✔✔ANSWER earAny patient receiving IV fluidtherapy should be monitored every ___ to ___minutes.-✔✔✔ANSWER 15,30IV tubing should be changed after a ___ to ___ hour period.-✔✔✔ANSWER 48,72When an intramuscular injection is given in the pelvic limb of a dog or cat, thearea near the ___ nerve should be avoided.-✔✔✔ANSWER sciaticDescribe the difference between an agonist and an opioid antagonist-✔✔✔ANSWER An agonist is a drug that combines with a receptor to bring about anaction and an antagonist combines with a receptor to block the action.

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Define: neurotransmitter-✔✔✔ANSWER A neurotransmitter is a chemicalsubstance released by a nerve ending at the synapse. It acts on the adjacentneuron to stimulate, inhibit, or change its activity.The area of the brain that serves to relay information from the spinal cord andbrainstem to the interpretation center in the cerebrum is the_____-✔✔✔ANSWER ThalamusMost CNS drugs act by _____ or_____ the effects of neurotransmitters.-✔✔✔ANSWER Interrupting he generation or conduction of nerve impulses; interferingwithWhat are the primary neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptors?-✔✔✔ANSWER epinephrine and norepinephrineList the four primary ways in which drugs affect the ANS.-✔✔✔ANSWERmimicking neurotransmitters, interfering with neurotransmitters release, blockingthe attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors and interfering with thebreakdown of neurotransmittersList five indications for the use of cholinergic agents-✔✔✔ANSWER Controlvomiting, treat urinary retention, stimulate GI activity, treat glaucoma and to aidin diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.Atropine, scopolamine, glycopyrrolate, and aminopentamide are examples ofwhat specific drug class?-✔✔✔ANSWER Cholinergic blocking agentsWhat category of drug is used to treat cardiac arrest and anaphylactic shock?-✔✔✔ANSWER adrenergic (sympathomimetic)Propranolol is an example of which category of drug?-✔✔✔ANSWER BetaBlockerWhat are some adverse side effects of xylazine and what drug may be used toantagonize its effects-✔✔✔ANSWER Bradycardia and hypotension can beantagonized by using atropine, respiratory depression or excessive CNSdepression can be antagonizedby using yohimbine

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Why would you be concerned about using a thiobarbiturate to induce anesthesiain a very thin dog?-✔✔✔ANSWER Thiobarbiturates are fat soluble which meansfat acts like a sponge to take barbiturate out of circulation and away from CNS.thin animals will not absorb as much in to fat tissues and more will remain inbloodstream and may cause excessive depression of the CNS.What are some of the characteristics of a cat anesthetized with ketamine?-✔✔✔ANSWER Analgesia, increased muscle tone, maintenance of pharyngeal/laryngealreflexes, muscle tremors, loss of blink reflex.List some of the signs of a narcotic overdose-✔✔✔ANSWER Respiratorydepression, cardiac depression, agitation, excitement, or seizuresList two narcotic antagonists-✔✔✔ANSWER naloxone and nalorphineWhy should glyceryl guaiacolate not be mixed until just before use?-✔✔✔ANSWER Because it tends to precipitate out of solution when storedyou are assisting the delivery of a litter of puppies and you deliver one thatis notbreathing adequately. What drug would the vet instruct to give and by whatroute?-✔✔✔ANSWER Doxapram (Dopram) may be administered under tongueor into umbilical vein, or by intramuscular injection.Why are euthanasia solutions that contain onlypentobarbital classified as Class IIcontrolled substances, whereas those that contain pentobarbital and othersubstances are classified as Class III controlled substances?-✔✔✔ANSWER Somepentobarbital agents have a red dye added to distinguish them frompentobarbital agents that may be used for anesthesia. They are easily identifiedas euthanasia agents and have less potential for abuseAll psychotherapy drugs are thought to produce their effects by altering ______activity in the brain.-✔✔✔ANSWER NeurotransmitterDissociative agents such as ketamine and tiletamine may cause _____ at theinjection site-✔✔✔ANSWER BurningA hypnotic (anesthetic) known for its very short duration and white color is_____-✔✔✔ANSWER Propofol

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An inhibitory neurotransmitter that is widely distributed in the brain is_____-✔✔✔ANSWER GABAA benzodiazepine that s used as an antianxiety medication and as an appetitestimulant in cats is _____-✔✔✔ANSWER DiazepamAn example of a tricyclic antidepressant used in vet med for separation anxiety indogs is_____-✔✔✔ANSWER Clomicalm_____ is used to treat old-dog dementia-✔✔✔ANSWER AniprylThe nervous system carries out activity very rapidly by sending electric-likemessages over a network of nerve fibers. The ____ systemworks much moreslowly by sending chemical messengers through the bloodstream to targetstructures.-✔✔✔ANSWER endocrineThe ___nervouse system is under voluntary control-✔✔✔ANSWER Somaticthe _____ is the fundamental unit of the nervous system-✔✔✔ANSWER neuronAxons carry electric-like messages ____ (from) the nerve cell, and dendrites carryelectric-like messages _____ (from) the nerve cell.-✔✔✔ANSWER Away: towardNeurotransmitters cannot be mimicked or blocked by the use of appropriatedrugs, and that is why patients with nervous system disorders do not have a verygood prognosis. T/F?-✔✔✔ANSWER Falsethe ANS is that portion of the nervous system that controls _____ body activities.-✔✔✔ANSWER Unconsciousthe neurotransmitter for cholinergic sites is_____-✔✔✔ANSWER acetylchoineEpinephrine is responsible for all of the following except____a. can cause an increase in metabolic rateb. can cause an increase in heart rate and cardiac outputc. communication with stem cells in bone marrowd. can constrict blood vessels in the skin.-✔✔✔ANSWER c. communication withstem cells in bone marrow

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Xylazine is antagonized by _____-✔✔✔ANSWER YohimbineAll of the following are benzodiazepines except _____a. yohimbineb. diazepamc. alprazolamd. lorazepam-✔✔✔ANSWER a. yohimbineWhat structures would a molecule of oxygen pass over or through as it travelsfrom the environment to the alveoli?-✔✔✔ANSWER Nostrils, nasal cavity,pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioleswhat are the 4 primary functionsof the respiratory system?-✔✔✔ANSWERoxygen-carbon dioxide exchange, regulation of acid base balance, bodytemperature regulation and voice production.describe the functions of the three basic defense mechnaisms of the respiratorysystem-✔✔✔ANSWERStructures in the nasal passages filter, warm, andhumidify inspired air. The cough, sneeze and reverse sneeze attempt to removeforeign material that has entered the respiratory system Mucocilliary mechanismalso removes foreign material from the respiratory system. Macrophages andimmunoglobulins inactivate or destroy invasive organisms.What are three important principles of respiratory therapeutics?-✔✔✔ANSWERControl of secretions, control of reflexes, maintenance of normal airflowExpectorants are indicted when what type of cough is present?-✔✔✔ANSWERProductiveMucolytics decrease the viscosity of respiratory mucous by what mechanism?-✔✔✔ANSWER Through the breakdown of disulfide chemical bonds.Acetylcysteine is administered by what method forpulmonary uses?-✔✔✔ANSWER NebulizationWhat is the mechanism of action of most antitussives used in vet-medicine?-✔✔✔ANSWER Through depression of the cough center in the brain

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Codein is classified in what category of controlled substances?-✔✔✔ANSWERSchedule VList three mechanisms that can cause smooth muscle contraction in thebronchioles-✔✔✔ANSWER Release of acetylcholine, release of histamine, andblockade of beta 2-adrenergic receptorsList two bronchodilators that are beta2-adrenergic agonists-✔✔✔ANSWEREpinephrine and AlbuterolThe methylxanthines bring about bronchodilation by inhibiting what cellularenzyme?-✔✔✔ANSWER PhosphodiesteraseList two potential uses for antihistamines in veterinary medicine.-✔✔✔ANSWERTreatment of insect bites and treatment of hives in horsesWhat suffix is found at the end of many antihistamine names?-✔✔✔ANSWER-amineList two potential uses for Dopram.-✔✔✔ANSWER Treatment of respiratorydepression associated with anesthesia and stimulation of respiration in newbornanimalsWhat structures constitute the urinary system?-✔✔✔ANSWER Kidney, ureters,bladder, urethraName two drugs that are contraindicated in uremic patients.-✔✔✔ANSWERRompun and ketasetRenal damage bay be categorized as _____, _____, or _____-✔✔✔ANSWERPrerenal, renal, postrenal.Explain how diuretics work-✔✔✔ANSWER Diuretics work by removing excessextracellular fluid, by increasing urine volume and sodium excretion, and bydecreasing hypertensionWhat supplement may be administered in conjunction with loop diuretics?-✔✔✔ANSWER Potassium (K)

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