AP World History Unit 4 Study Guide (Transoceanic

Name: AP World History Unit 4 Study Guide (Transoceanic
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Author: Mason Bennett

Explore how cross-cultural exchanges from 1450–1750 led to major tech innovations like the caravel, compass, and astrolabe. These advances improved navigation and ship design, boosting global trade and enabling transoceanic exploration and expansion.

Mason Bennett

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Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections Study Guide
c. 1450-1750
Topic 4.1 Technological Innovations from 1450 - 1750
Learning Objective
Expain how
crosa-cultural
irte’Bctons resultec in
the diffusion of
technology and
facilitatec changes in
patterns of trade and
travel from 1450 to
1750.
Historical Developments
Kncwedge, sciertific learning, and
technology from the Classical, Islamic,
ana Asian worlds spread, fat rtat ng
European technological developments
and innovation.
Tne developments included the
product on of new tools, innovations in
ship designs, and an improved
uncerstanc ng o' -eg ona wind anc
currents patterns—all of which mace
transoceanic travel and trace passible.
Innovations in ship design:
• -CaraveJ
• 'Carrack
• F Jyl
European technological cevelopments
influenoed by o-oss-ojlt jra
interactions with tne Classical. Islamic,
and Asian worias:
• Lateen sail
• ‘Compass
• Ast-onom sal charts
1. Describe technological diffusions that occurred in the 1450-1750 time
period. Name the technology, its origins, and where it diffused.
- From 1450 ta 1750, technological diffusions that occurred during this period
helped improve maritime activity
- Gunpowder originated in China in the 9th century, diffused to Europe then the
Americas
- Printing press: originated in Germany in 1450, diffused to Europe than North
America
- Steam engine: originated in England in the 17th century, diffused to Europe
then the Americas
- Gunsmithing: originated in Germany in the 15th century, diffused to Europe then
to the Americas
- Gold, silk, + spices: originated in Portugal, diffused to Holland
- Guns: originated in Portugal, diffused to West Africa
- Lateen sail: originated in Rome; diffused to the Indian Ocean
- Compass: originated in China, diffused to Europe
- Astrolabe: originated in Greece, diffused to the Middle East, North Africa, and
Asia
- Caravel: originated in Portugal in the 15th century, diffused to the Atlantic
Ocean
- Fluyt: originated in the Dutch Republic in the 16th century
2. Describe new technologies of the 1450 - 1750 time period and specific
examples of how they facilitated patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to
1750.
- New ships designs such as the Caravel, Fluyt, and Carrack were built to
withstand heavier loads and the harsh conditions of the sea
- For example, the caravel allowed Europeans to cross the Atlantic Ocean; the
carrack was easy to maneuver and was useful to merchants/explorers; the
carrack was also used for exploration in the Atlantic, but had increased speed;
the fluyt was a lightweight ship built by the Dutch and dominated international
trade
- New navigation technologies like the compass, astrolabe, and astronomical
charts helped sailors accurately guide themselves through the sea
- Understanding monsoon winds facilitated trade between Eurasia and the
Americas (wind patterns)
- The invention of the printing press allowed religious ideas to spread
- Astrolabe: created by the Greeks and mastered by the Islamic world; it
measures the incline position of celestial bodies to determine location
3. What is a lateen sail and why was it significant in the 1450-1750 time
period?
- The lateen sail was a triangular sail used by Arab Sailors in the Indian Ocean
and the Mediterranean Sea. It was capable of using strong winds to travel with
excellent speed.
- It was significant in the 1450-1750 time period because it allowed ships to sail
closer to the wind, making long-distance exploration and trade possible. This
allowed Europeans to expand their trading networks and colonize territories,
such as the Americas. In addition, because lateen sails were more
maneuverable on smaller ships, it allowed naval conflict to become more
effective. Plus, sailors were able to travel into open oceans and control their
direction, which contributed to trade.
4. What is a caravel and why was it significant in the 1450 to 1750 time
period?
- A caravel was a small, fast sailing ship that was developed by the Portuguese
and the Spanish during the 15th century. It was used for exploration, trade, and
war.
- It was significant because it allowed for European expansion and exploration in
the Atlantic Ocean and West Africa
- Started trading in sea routes; allowed sailors to survive storms
- Easy to build
- It played a key role in the Age of Discovery and helped spread European ideas
5. Making connections: Give an example or technology in the 1750-1900 time
period that facilitated trade and travel during that later time period.
- The steamboat is an example of technology that facilitated trade and travel
from 1750 to 1900. Steamboats not only replaced sailing ships as the main way
for the transportation of goods and people, buttheir speed and efficiency
allowed for faster trade. This resulted in steamboats having a significant
impact on trade and travel during this time period.

Topic 4.2 Exploration Causes and Events from 1450 to 1750
Learning Objective
Descr be the roe of
states in the expansion
Historical Developments
New state-suopc-led transoceanic
maritime exploration occurred in this
6. What specific states supported maritime exploration in this time period?
Give specific examples of states and what they did to support exploration.
- During this period, Portugal, Spain, England, France, and the Dutch Republic

- The isolationist policies of China and Japan were meant to limit foreign
contact and restrict the flow of goods as well as ideas into the countries.
China's policy of isolationism was a result of the Ming Dynastys decision to
limit contact with foreign countries and focus on development in the country.
Japan adopted a policy of isolationism in the 1600s, known as Sakoku, which
limited foreign contact and trade to some ports, resulting in restricted travel
- The long-term outcomes of these policies were countries being isolated from
the rest of the world and invasions. For instance, in Japan, the country
developed a unique culture and government that was not influenced by
outside forces. However, these policies kept Japan and China in developing
new technology and expanding their economy. In the end, both countries had
to start opening up to foreign contact in order to modernize and grow, which
they did in the late 1300s
- In addition, it led to the Opium wars in China and the Meiji Reformation in
Japan
16.Describe European maritime empires:
a. Portuguese: q-h e Portuguese Empire was a maritime empire that
emerged in the 15th century. It was one of the first global empires
known, and the first to establish colonies in the Americas, Asia, and
Africa. To be specific, it had colonies in India, China, Japan, and
Indonesia.
b. Spanish: q g Spanish Empire was one of the strongest empires in
history, ruling for over two centuries. It was a maritime empire that
established colonies in the Americas, Asia, and Africa. This empire
produced a lot of wealth and greatly influenced their colonies.
c. Dutch: T g Empire was a maritime empire that emerged in the
17th century. It was one of the mast powerful empires during its time,
and established colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The Dutch
were the first to engage in global trade, and lay out the foundations for
modern stock exchange
d. French: qq,e pr e n ch Empire was a maritime empire that emerged in the
16th century. It was a major colonial as well as naval power. It
established colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. The French
Empire was also involved in wars, such as the Seven Years War and the
Napoleonic Wars
e. British: q-fig British Empire was the largest maritime empire in history.
It was a global and colonial power that established colonies in the
Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australia. It played a major role in the
Industrial Revolution and the establishment of global trade. It was also
Driven la-gely by pdfiicaf, religious, ard
economic rivalries, European states
established new maritime empires .
including the Portuguese, Spanish
Dutch, French, and British.
Tine expansion of maritime trading
networks fostered the growth of states in
Africa, including tne Asanteand the
Kingdom of the Kongo, 'Ariose
participaton in trading networ ks led to an
increase in their influence

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AP World History Unit 4 Study Guide (Transoceanic

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