AP World History Unit 4 Study Guide (Transoceanic

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Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections Study Guidec. 1450-1750Topic 4.1 Technological Innovations from 1450 - 1750Learning ObjectiveExpain howcrosa-culturalirte’Bctons resultec inthe diffusion oftechnology andfacilitatec changes inpatterns of trade andtravel from 1450 to1750.Historical DevelopmentsKncwedge, sciertific learning, andtechnology from the Classical, Islamic,ana Asian worlds spread, fatrtat ngEuropean technological developmentsand innovation.Tne developments included theproduct on of new tools, innovations inship designs, and an improveduncerstanc ng o' -eg ona wind anccurrents patterns—all of which macetransoceanic travel and trace passible.Innovations in ship design:•-CaraveJ•'Carrack•F JylEuropean technological cevelopmentsinfluenoed by o-oss-ojlt jrainteractions with tne Classical. Islamic,and Asian worias:•Lateen sail•‘Compass•Ast-onom sal charts1.Describe technological diffusions that occurred in the 1450-1750 timeperiod. Name the technology, its origins, and where it diffused.-From 1450 ta 1750, technological diffusions that occurred during this periodhelped improve maritime activity-Gunpowder originated in China in the 9th century, diffused to Europe then theAmericas-Printing press: originated in Germany in 1450, diffused to Europe than NorthAmerica-Steam engine: originated in England in the 17th century, diffused to Europethen the Americas-Gunsmithing: originated in Germany in the 15th century, diffused to Europe thento the Americas-Gold, silk, + spices: originated in Portugal, diffused to Holland-Guns: originated in Portugal, diffused to West Africa-Lateen sail: originated in Rome; diffused to the Indian Ocean-Compass: originated in China, diffused to Europe-Astrolabe: originated in Greece, diffused to the Middle East, North Africa, andAsia-Caravel: originated in Portugal in the 15th century, diffused to the AtlanticOcean-Fluyt: originated in the Dutch Republic in the 16th century2.Describe new technologies of the 1450 - 1750 time period and specificexamples of how they facilitated patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to1750.-New ships designs such as the Caravel, Fluyt, and Carrack were built towithstand heavier loads and the harsh conditions of the sea-For example, the caravel allowed Europeans to cross the Atlantic Ocean; thecarrack was easy to maneuver and was useful to merchants/explorers; thecarrack was also used for exploration in the Atlantic, but had increased speed;the fluyt was a lightweight ship built by the Dutch and dominated internationaltrade-New navigation technologies like the compass, astrolabe, and astronomicalcharts helped sailors accurately guide themselves through the sea-Understanding monsoon winds facilitated trade between Eurasia and theAmericas (wind patterns)-The invention of the printing press allowed religious ideas to spread-Astrolabe: created by the Greeks and mastered by the Islamic world; itmeasures the incline position of celestial bodies to determine location3.What is a lateen sail and why was it significant in the 1450-1750 timeperiod?-The lateen sail was a triangular sail used by Arab Sailors in the Indian Oceanand the Mediterranean Sea. It was capable of using strong winds to travel withexcellent speed.-It was significant in the 1450-1750 time period because it allowed ships to sailcloser to the wind, making long-distance exploration and trade possible. Thisallowed Europeans to expand their trading networks and colonize territories,such as the Americas. In addition, because lateen sails were moremaneuverable on smaller ships, it allowed naval conflict to become moreeffective. Plus, sailors were able to travel into open oceans and control theirdirection, which contributed to trade.4.What is a caravel and why was it significant in the 1450 to 1750 timeperiod?-A caravel was a small, fast sailing ship that was developed by the Portugueseand the Spanish during the 15th century. It was used for exploration, trade, andwar.-It was significant because it allowed for European expansion and exploration inthe Atlantic Ocean and West Africa-Started trading in sea routes; allowed sailors to survive storms-Easy to build-It played a key role in the Age of Discovery and helped spread European ideas5.Making connections: Give an example or technology in the 1750-1900 timeperiod that facilitated trade and travel during that later time period.-The steamboat is an example of technology that facilitated trade and travelfrom 1750 to 1900. Steamboats not only replaced sailing ships as the main wayfor the transportation of goods and people, buttheir speed and efficiencyallowed for faster trade. This resulted in steamboats having a significantimpact on trade and travel during this time period.

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Topic 4.2 ExplorationCauses and Events from 1450 to 1750Learning ObjectiveDescr be the roe ofstates in the expansionHistorical DevelopmentsNew state-suopc-led transoceanicmaritime exploration occurred in this6.What specific states supported maritime exploration in this time period?Give specific examples of states and what they did to support exploration.-During this period, Portugal, Spain, England, France, and the Dutch Republicof maritime exploratonfrom 1450 to 1750.period.supported maritime exploration-Portugal: developed maritime technology and navigational skills-increased travel to trade with Asia and Africa~ established trading ports-Spain: sponsored the voyages of Columbus and other voyages, such asFerdinand Magellan-increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade-England, France, + Dutch Republic: sponsored the Northern Atlantic voyages,funded trips to the Americas and East IndiesLearning ObjectiveExpla n the economiccauses ana effects ofmaritime exploration bythe various Europeanstates.Historical DevelopmentsPcrtuguese cevelooment of mantmetechnology and ravgational skills ledto increased travel to and trade withAfrica and Asa ana resulted in theconstruct on of a global tra ding-postempire.Spanish sponsorship of tne voyages ofColumbus ard subsequent voyagesacross the Atlantic and Pacificdramatically increased Europeanntenest n transoceanic travel andtradeNorthern At antic cross ngs wereundertaken under Engl sh, French, andDutch sponsorship, often with the goalof nnc ng a tentative sailing routes toAsia.7.What were the economic factors that drove maritime exploration byEuropeans?-New sources of wealth and resources, such as spices and precious metals-Increased competition between other European empires-Joint-stock companies-Gold, God, and Glory (Three G's)-The desire to establish new trade routes for increased economic growth-The possibility of creating new colonies to serve as sources of raw materialsand forced/coerced labor-New lands to colonize +■expand European empires-Rise of capitalism-The intellectual curiosity of European scholars8.What were some of the economic outcomes of European maritimeexploration (positive and negative).-Positive:-Discovery of large amounts of metals (gold + silver)~ Increased trade and commerce~ Improved navigation and transportation, which allowed exploration,colonization, and better communication-Development of new technologies; led to advances in shipbuilding andnavigation~ Access to resources and materials (ex. spices)-Negative:~ Greed; wealth was not shared~ Spread of disease; led to the death of many Europeans~ Increase in slavery; resulted in the exploration of those individuals~ Exploitation of indigenous people and resources~ Environmental destruction; tons of environments were destroyed due toEuropean exploration9.Describe the difference between the trading-post empire established by the

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Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and the colonies they established in theNew World.-The trading-post empire established by the Portuguese in the Indian Oceantook control of the economy of a region. For example, Portuguese merchantsset up various posts around the Indian Ocean. Portuguese ships transportedcommodities and goods from these trading posts to Europe, and vice versa.The Portuguese were looking to take control of areas that had economicpotential, not establish a political presence-Contrary to the fact, Portuguese colonies established new governments andsettlements. For instance, Portugal was looking to establish a politicalpresence in the New World and expand their empire. They wanted to increasetheir papulation, create trading networks, and convert the natives toCatholicism. They were more ambitious than the trading-post empire in theIndian OceanTopic 4.3 Columbian ExchangeLearning ObjectiveExplan ibe causes ofthe ColumbianExchange and ftseffects on the Easternand WesternHemispheres.Historical DevelopmentsThe new connections between theEastern and Western Hem spheresresulted in the excnange of new plants,animals, and diseases,knownastneColumbian Exchange.Eu-opean colonization of tne Amercasled to the unintentional transfer ofdisease vectors, including mosquitoesand rats, and the spreac of diseasesthat were endemic in the EasternHemisphere, includingsmallpox,measles, and ma aria. Some of thesediseases substantially reduced tneind genous populations, withoatastroph c effects in many areas.American foods became staple cops invarious parts of Europe, Asia, andAfrica.Cash cropswere grownprimarily onplantationswith coercedlaborand were exported mostly toEurope and the Midd e East.Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar,and comesticated animals were broughtby Europeans to the Americas, whileother ‘bods were brought by African10. Describe the Columbian Exchange.-The Columbian Exchange was the widespread exchange of plants, animals,cultures, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds following the voyageof Christopher Columbus in 14A2. This exchange had a significant impact onthe economy, environment, and culture of the world. From the New World, OldWorld settlers received maize (corn), potatoes, tomatoes, chili peppers, vanilla,pineapples, squash, beans, cacao, peanuts, and tobacco. From the Old World,New World settlers and indigenous people received wheat, barley, onions,garlic, lemons, oranges, sugar cane, horses, livestock, peaches, turnips, andhoneybees. In addition, the Columbian exchange also introduced diseases suchas smallpox, measles, malaria, influenza, typhus, whooping cough, anddiphtheria11. What factors caused the Columbian Exchange?-European colonization of the Americas-Spread of exploration and trade-Introduction of new technology-Development of maritime technology (ex. astrolabe, caravel, compass)-The rapid spread of Christianity-New strategies regarding sea patterns/monsoon winds12. Describe the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the WesternHemisphere (New World). Include both positive and negative outcomes.-The Columbian Exchange had a huge impact on the Western hemisphere (New

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savesDomesticated animals:*Herses*Pigs*CattleFoods brought by African slaves:*Okra*RicePopulations in Af-o-Eurasia Benefitednutritionally from trie ncreased diversityof American feed orops.World)-Positive:-Brought new food, crops, and domesticated animals to the New World, whichallowed for more efficient food production and better diets of the nativepopulation~ Stimulated trade and growth-Negative:~ Introduced new diseases, which had a devastating impact on the nativepopulations, since they were not immune13.Describe the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Eastern Hemisphere(Old World). Include both positive and negative outcomes.-The Columbian Exchange had a huge impact on the Eastern Hemisphere (OldWorld)-Positive:~ Introduction of New World crops such as maize, potatoes, and tomatoes,which increased agricultural production and reduced hunger in the Old World~ Brought new animals to the Old World, such as horses, cows, and pigs, whichallowed for improved farming techniques-Negative:~ Introduced diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza~ These diseases spread rapidly and killed millions of people in the Old World~ The introduction of European diseases, colonization, and the exploitation ofthe natives, led to a harsh decline in the native population that lived in theAmericas.Topic 4,4 Maritime Empires EstablishedLearning ObjectiveExpla n trie process ofstate buildingardexpanson amongvarious empires ardstates in the periodfrom 1450 to 1750.Historical DevelopmentsEu-opeans established new trading postsin Africa and Asia, which provedprofitable for the rulers and merchantsinvolvedinnew global trace networks.Some Asian states sought tolimitthedisruptive economc ard cultural effectsof European-dominated long-distancetrade by adopting restr olive orisolationist tradepolicies.Asian states that adopted restrictive orisolationist trace policies:•Ming China•Tokugawa Japan14. Describe European trading posts in Africa.-European trading posts in Africa were established by European traders in the15th and 16th centuries. These trading posts were used to facilitate tradebetween Africa and Europe, and served as a base for European merchants tobuy goods from African traders and sell them in Europe. They often played acrucial role in the introduction of new goods, technologies, and ideas toAfrican societies. They were typically located in coastal areas, and many ofthem transformed into major cities, such as Cape Town, Dakar, and Accra.These trading posts also served as a gateway for Europeans to colonizeAfrica and establish their own empires.15. Describe the isolationist policies of China and Japan. Why did they enactthese policies? What were the long-term outcomes?

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-The isolationist policies of China and Japan were meant to limit foreigncontact and restrict the flow of goods as well as ideas into the countries.China's policy of isolationism was a result of the Ming Dynastys decision tolimit contact with foreign countries and focus on development in the country.Japan adopted a policy of isolationism in the 1600s, known as Sakoku, whichlimited foreign contact and trade to some ports, resulting in restricted travel-The long-term outcomes of these policies were countries being isolated fromthe rest of the world and invasions. For instance, in Japan, the countrydeveloped a unique culture and government that was not influenced byoutside forces. However, these policies kept Japan and China in developingnew technology and expanding their economy. In the end, both countries hadto start opening up to foreign contact in order to modernize and grow, whichthey did in the late 1300s-In addition, it led to the Opium wars in China and the Meiji Reformation inJapan16.Describe European maritime empires:a.Portuguese: q-h ePortuguese Empire was a maritime empire thatemerged in the 15th century. It was one of the first global empiresknown, and the first to establish colonies in the Americas, Asia, andAfrica. To be specific, it had colonies in India, China, Japan, andIndonesia.b.Spanish: q g Spanish Empire was one of the strongest empires inhistory, ruling for over two centuries. It was a maritime empire thatestablished colonies in the Americas, Asia, and Africa. This empireproduced a lot of wealth and greatly influenced their colonies.c.Dutch: TgEmpire was a maritime empire that emerged in the17th century. It was one of the mast powerful empires during its time,and established colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The Dutchwere the first to engage in global trade, and lay out the foundations formodern stock exchanged.French: qq,epr e nch Empire was a maritime empire that emerged in the16th century. It was a major colonial as well as naval power. Itestablished colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. The FrenchEmpire was also involved in wars, such as the Seven Years War and theNapoleonic Warse.British: q-figBritish Empire was the largest maritime empire in history.It was a global and colonial power that established colonies in theAmericas, Africa, Asia, and Australia. It played a major role in theIndustrial Revolution and the establishment of global trade. It was alsoDriven la-gely by pdfiicaf, religious, ardeconomic rivalries, European statesestablished new maritime empires .including the Portuguese,SpanishDutch, French, andBritish.Tine expansion of maritime tradingnetworks fostered the growth of states inAfrica, including tne Asanteand theKingdom oftheKongo,'Arioseparticipaton in trading networks led to anincrease in their influence

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