Biochemistry: A Short Course Third Edition Test Bank

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Chapter 1Biochemistry and the Unity of LifeMatching QuestionsUse the following to answer questions 1–10:Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.a)uracilb) cytoplasmc) proteind) thyminee) carbohydratef) sugar–phosphate unitsg) cell wallh) transcriptioni) glycogenj) lipidk)central dogmal)phagocytosism) endoplasmic reticulumn) translationo) prokaryotesp) eukaryotesq) lysosome1.DNA is made from the building blocks adenine, guanine, cytosine, and____________.Ans:dSection:1.22.____________:Unbranched polymer that, when folded into its three-dimensional shape, performs much of the work of the cell.Ans:cSection:1.23.____________:Scheme that describes the flow of information fromone strand of DNA to a new strand of DNA.Ans:kSection:1.3

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Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life24.____________:Process wherelargeamountsof material are taken intothe cell.Ans:lSection:1.35.The transfer of information from DNA to RNA is called____________.Ans:hSection:1.36.____________ are cellsthatare composed of multiple specializedcompartments.Ans:pSection:1.47.____________:Class of biological macromolecules with manyfunctions,such as forming barriers between cell organelles, serving as ametabolic fuel,and cell-to-cell signaling.Ans:jSection:1.28.____________:Highly organized region of the cell whereglycolyticmetabolism occurs.Ans:bSection:1.49.____________:Responsible for protein processing and xenobioticmetabolism.Ans:mSection:1.410..____________:Filled with proteases and other digestive enzymes.Ans:qSection:1.4Fill-in-the-Blank Questions11.Organisms are known to be highly uniform at thelevel.Ans:molecularSection:Introduction

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Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life312.After hydrogen and oxygen, the next most common element in livingsystems is.Ans: carbonSection:1.113.A chemical that can dissolve in water is said to be.Ans:hydrophilicSection:1.214.A nucleotide consists of one or moregroups, a5-carbonribosesugar,and a nitrogen-containing aromatic ring group.Ans:phosphorylSection:1.215.The most common carbohydrate fuel is.Ans:glucoseSection:1.216.Heritable information is packaged into discrete units called.Ans:genesSection:1.317.A group of enzymes calledcatalyze replication.Ans:DNA polymeraseSection:1.318.Although all cells in an organism have the same DNA, tissues differdue to selective.Ans:expressionSection:1.319.The basic unit of life is considered the.Ans:cellSection:1.420.Secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release materialoutsideof thecellvia.Ans:exocytosisSection:1.4Multiple-Choice Questions

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Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life422.In higher organisms, which of the following is composed of a polymerwith double-stranded phosphodiester-linked monomers?A) RNAB) DNAC) proteinD) carbohydrateE) None of the above.Ans:BSection 1.223.What gives proteins such a dominant role in biochemistry?A) the variation in protein sizesB) the ability to act as a blueprintC) their ability to self-replicateD) their ability to spontaneously fold into complex three-dimensionalstructuresE) All of the above.Ans:DSection:1.221.The structure of DNA described by Watson and Crickincluded:A) a double helix.B) the sugar–phosphate backbone aligned in thecenter of the helix.C) the base pairs that are stacked on the inside of thedouble helix.D) A and B.E) A and C.Ans:ESection:1.2

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Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life524.Proteins are chiefly composed of which of the following?A) carbohydrate and amino acidsB) long unbranched amino acid polymersC) peptide bonds formed between lipid moietiesD) aggregated amino acidsE) A and BAns:BSection 1.325.How a protein folds is determined by:A)whetherthe environment is hydrophobic or hydrophilic.B)the location in the cellin whichthe protein is located.C)the pH of the cytoplasm.D)the order of the amino acids found in the sequence.E)All of theabove.Ans:DSection:1.2

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Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life626.The half-life of which of the following is likely to be shortest?A)proteinB)lipidC)carbohydrateD)DNAE)RNAAns:ESection:1.227.The central dogma describes:A)the formation of cells from individual components.B)the selective expression of genes.C)the flow of information between DNA, RNA,and protein.D)the work of polymerases on RNA and DNA.E)All of the above.Ans:CSection:1.328.Translation takes place on/inthe:A)ribosomes.B)smooth endoplasmic reticulum.C)nucleus.D)DNA polymerases.E)DNA parent strand.Ans:ASection:1.329.Which of the following organelles has a double membrane?A)nucleusB)endoplasmic reticulumC)mitochondriaD)plasma membraneE)A and CF)All of the above.Ans:ESection:1.4

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Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life730.The main function of the plasma membrane is to:A)provide the interior of the cell an enclosed environmentthatnomolecules may cross.B)provide a selectively permeable barrier with the aid of transportproteins.C)give eukaryote and prokaryote cells structural strength.D)allow only the free passage of water in and out of the cell.E)None of the above.Ans:BSection:1.431.Filaments and microtubules are components of a networkcalledthe:A)chloroplast.B)cytoplasm.C)cytoskeleton.D)cell wall.E)B and D.Ans:CSection:1.432.Poisons that kill an organism as a result of a loss of high-energy ATPmolecules are most likely totarget which organelle?A)mitochondriaB)cytoskeletonC)cytoplasmD)endoplasmicreticulumE)nucleusAns:ASection:1.433.A secreted protein would be processed through organelles in thefollowing order:A)nucleus; secretoryvesicle; Golgicomplex.B)cytoplasm; Golgi complex; cytosol;secretoryvesicle.C)endoplasmic reticulum; cytoplasmic reticulum; Golgi complex.D)nucleus; cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi complex;secretory vesicle.E)None of the above.Ans:ESection:1.434.Extracellular material is taken into the cell via which process?A)exocytosisB)phagocytosis

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Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life8C)lysosome-mediatedendocytosisD)reverse secretory mechanismE)phago-cytosolic internalizationAns:BSection 1.435.The rigid materialthatprovides structural support to a plant cell is/arecalledthe:A)plant cytoskeleton.B)plasma membrane.C)cell wall.D)chloroplast anchor proteins.E)microfilaments and microtubules.Ans:CSection:1.436.In studying secreted proteins, you find that Substance X inhibits the secretionof a labeledprotein. However, you do find afully synthesized, folded,andglycosylatedproteins inthe cell.Where is the most likelysitein the synthesis andsecretion of proteinsfor Substance X to act?A)nucleus during translationB)budding of the secretory granuleC)translation on the ribosomeD)enzyme modification in the GolgiE)All of the above.Ans: BSection: 1.437.Below is the scheme known as thecentraldogma. Each of the arrows(A, B, C)represents a particular process in gene expression. A, B,and C, respectively, are:A)replication, transcription, translation.B)reverse transcription, transcription, translation.C)transcription, translation, replication.D)replication translation, expression.E)None of the above.Ans: ASection: 1.3

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Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life938.Match the loss of a particular organellewith the associated disease.A)Hypercholesterolemia–smooth endoplasmic reticulumB)Diabetes–endosomeC)Tay-Sachs disease-lysosomeD)Muscledegeneration–mitochondriaE)Stroke–Golgi bodyAns: CSection: 1.439.In abiochemistrylabcourse, you are asked to design an experiment toidentifyastrain of bacteria.Your lab partner claims that she thinks the bacterium containsa rough endoplasmic reticulum. To verify her claim, which of thefollowingexperiments would you preform?A)determine whether the bacterium can synthesize ATP in the presence of fuelmolecules and O2B)determine whether the bacterium can synthesizeproteinsC)determine whether the bacterium generates CO2in the presence of fuelmoleculesD)determine whether the bacterium hasaninternal membrane-enclosedcompartmentE)All of these experiments will work.Ans: DSection: 1.4Short-Answer Questions40.What are the four key classes of biomolecules?Ans:Proteins, DNA/RNA,lipids,carbohydrates.These are the larger,monomer or biopolymer molecules,which perform many functions tomaintain cellular life.Each has a different biochemical make-up.Section:1.241.How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?Ans:The simplest answer is defined by the existence of organelles.Eukaryotic cells contain organelles including a nucleus, whileprokaryotic cells do not have such compartments.Section:1.4

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Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life1042.Describe the central dogma and why itisimportant for cell life.Ans:This is the phrase coined by Francis Crick and is the overview of howa cell uses the information from DNA to produceRNA, protein, andmore DNA.Much of the fate of a cell (metabolism, survival, growth,movement,and cell differentiation) is based on the control of thecentral dogma.Which genes are transcribed andtranslateddefinesthefunction of a cell.Section:1.343.Define an organelle.Ans:An organelle isan intracellular compartment,often,but not always,enclosed by a membrane.Examples include the nucleus,mitochondria,and chloroplasts.However, the cytoplasm is defined asthat area surrounded by the plasma membrane, excluding theorganelles.Section:1.444.What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)?Ans:The endoplasmic reticulum is series of membrane tubes or sacs.Whenstudded with ribosomes,the endoplasmic reticulum is consideredrough ER and is involved with the processing of nascent protein.Smooth ER is involved in maturing proteinsandcarbohydrates,and isresponsible for xenophobic metabolism of foreign compounds.Section:1.445.Of the biochemical macromolecules, which class is chiefly responsible forcatalysis of cellular processes?Ans:Proteins.Section:1.246.DNA and RNA are composed of what basic biochemical compounds?Ans:Both RNA and DNA are nucleotides.Central to nucleotides is acarbohydrate molecule called a riboseor deoxyribose.Bonded to theribose is one of several aromatic nitrogen-containing organiccompounds,which are generically called “bases.”One or morephosphate groups are also bonded to the riboseor deoxyribose.Section:1.2

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Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life1147.What are the important functions of carbohydrates?Ans:Structural, energy storage, modify proteins, cell–cell recognition..Section: 1.248.What is significant about theDNA process of replication?Ans:It provides a mechanism for copying the DNA from one generation tothe next.Section: 1.449.Which property of lipids drives the formation of membranes?Ans:The dual chemical nature of lipids allows them to self-organize intomembranes.Section:1.250.What data might Monod cite to justify the phrase “Anything found to be true ofE. colimust also be true of elephants”?Ans: He would most likely describe similarities between eukaryotic andprokaryotic cells. The first is a barrier, a membrane,that separates the cell form itsenvironment such that independent of cell type, the interior of the cell ischemically different that the external environment. The membraneis morethan abarrier; it isselectively permeableand directs the flow of molecules into and out ofthe cell. The second is the structure of the molecule that carries informationregarding cell activities as the cell undergoes duplication each generation. Nucleicacids are the information storage molecule forliving systems.

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Chapter 2Water, Weak Bonds, and the Generation of Order Out ofChaosMatching QuestionsUse the following to answer questions 1–10:Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.a) ionic bonds or salt bridgesb) Brownian motionc) hydrophobicd) hydrogene) polarf) nonpolarg) van der Waalsh) entropyi)ion product of waterj) amphipathick) positivel) dielectric constantm) negative1.____________:The typeof bond found between an oxygen on onewatermoleculeandhydrogen on a different water molecule.Ans:dSection:2.22.Movement of particles due to the random fluctuations of energy content of the environment isknown as____________.Ans:bSection:2.13.Electrostatic interactions between atoms with opposite electrical charges are also called____________.Ans:aSection:2.34.Waterweakens the electrostatic interaction of ions due to its high ____________.Ans:lSection:2.35.The distance when two atoms no longer repulse each other yet havethestrongest attraction isknown as the____________ contact distance.Ans:gSection:2.3

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Chapter 2Water, Weak Bonds, and the Generation of Order Out of Chaos26.____________:Thermodynamic force that drives hydrophobic interactions.Ans:hSection:2.47.____________:A molecule with two distinctive chemical properties or characteristics.Ans:jSection:2.48.Whichtype of amino acid isresponsible for increasing entropy as a protein folds?Ans:fSection:2.49.____________:The chargeon acetic acidwhen the pH is more than one pH unit above the pKa.Ans:mSection:2.510.____________:The charge of an amino group when the pH is one pH unit below the pKa.Ans:kSection:2.5Fill-in-the-Blank Questions11.Molecules that are readily soluble in water are considered.Ans:polarSection 2.212.The force that is quantified by Coulomb’s lawis called.Ans:ionic or electrostatic interactionSection 2.313.A solvent with a low dielectric constant would be asolvent for salts.Ans:poorSection 2.314.The transient force,which while weak, still has a large impact on how macromolecules interactisthe.Ans:vander Waals interactionSection 2.315.Hydrophobic molecules are driven together by, not because theyhavean affinity for eachother.Ans:entropySection 2.416.Lipidsthatinteract withboththe water andthehydrophobic regionsof the membrane areconsidered.Ans:amphipathicSection 2.417.An acid ionizes to form a proton and its.Ans:base or conjugate baseSection 2.5

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Chapter 2Water, Weak Bonds, and the Generation of Order Out of Chaos318.When the pH is more than two pH units above the pKaof a carboxyl group, the acid is.Ans:unprotonatedSection 2.519.Buffers are critical in maintaining properlevels in biological systems.Ans:pHSection 2.520.The source of the key buffering component of blood is.Ans:carbon dioxideSection2.5Multiple-Choice Questions21.What is the H+concentration in a urine sample that has a pH of 6?A) 10−6MB) 10−8MC) 106MD) 10−14ME) 8 MAns: ASection: 2.522.Which of the following is considered a noncovalent bond?A) electrostatic interactionsB) hydrogen bondsC) van der Waals interactionsD) All of the above.E) None of the above.Ans:DSection:2.323.What charged group(s)is/are present in glycine at a pH of 7?A)–NH3+B)–COO−C)–NH2+D) A and BE) A, B, and CAns:DSection:2.524.Water can formhydrogen bondswith the ___________ of another molecule.A) carbonyl groupsB) amine groupsC) aromatic ringsD) alcohol groupsE)A, B,and DAns:ESections:2.3& 2.4

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Chapter 2Water, Weak Bonds, and the Generation of Order Out of Chaos425.What pairs of atoms innucleotidebases are involved in hydrogen bonds?A)N–H andC═OB)N–H and S–HC) O–H and P–OD)All of the above.E)None of the above.Ans: ASection: 2.326.Typical van der Waals energies are about:A)4–20 kJ/mol.B)2–4 kJ/mol.C)200 kJ/mol.D)All of the above.E)None of the above.Ans: BSection: 12.327.What two properties of water are important for biological interactions?A)the polarity of waterB)the density of waterC)the cohesive properties of waterD)A and CE)B and CAns: DSection: 2.228.List atoms commonly found in biological molecules that are often hydrogen-bond acceptors.A) carbonB) oxygenC) nitrogenD) B and CE) All of the above.Ans:DSection:2.329.What happens to nonpolar molecules in water?A)They dissolve independently.B)They aggregate together.C)They precipitate.D)All of the above.E)None of the above.Ans: BSection:2.330.What is the [A−]/[HA] ratio when the weak acid is in a solution one pH unit above its pKa?A)1:1B)1:10C)10:1D)2:1E)None of the above.Ans: CSection2.3

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