Essentials Of Sociology: A Down-To-Earth Approach, 8th Edition Test Bank

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Test Bank Contents
Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective 1
Chapter 2: Culture 23
Chapter 3: Socialization 45
Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interaction 67
Chapter 5: Social Groups and Formal Organizations 91
Chapter 6: Deviance and Social Control 113
Chapter 7: Global Stratification 139
Chapter 8: Social Class in the United States 161
Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity 183
Chapter 10: Inequalities of Gender and Age 207
Chapter 11: Politics and the Economy 233
Chapter 12: Marriage and Family 259
Chapter 13: Education and Religion 283
Chapter 14: Population and Urbanization 307
Chapter 15: Social Change and the Environment 331

Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective
Multiple Choice Questions
1) What sociological phrase is used to describe "opening a window onto unfamiliar worlds" and "offering a fresh
look at familiar worlds"?
A) the sociological perspective
B) the social imperative
C) social integration
D) social location
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4
Skill: Conceptual
2) To be classified as a society, what are the two key qualities a group of people must share?
A) a common language and a common religion
B) a common culture and a territory
C) a territory and a common political ideology
D) ethnicity and a common language
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4
Skill: Applied
3) What term do sociologists use to describe the corners in life that people occupy because of where they are
located in a society?
A) the sociological perspective
B) the social imperative
C) social location
D) the sociological framework
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4
Skill: Factual
4) Frank is examining the broad stream of events that have occurred over the past 50 years and the specific
experiences of his own life. By doing so, what sociological process has Frank undertaken?
A) social determinism
B) the sociological imagination
C) the social imperative
D) positivism
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4
Skill: Applied
5) What are the two components C. Wright Mills identified as being fundamental to understanding the sociological
imagination?
A) political systems and economic systems
B) race and ethnicity
C) the means of production and ownership of resources
D) history and biography
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4
Skill: FactualTest Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e1

6) What two events most inspired people to rethink social life that led to an uprooting of what had been traditional
social arrangements and the development of sociology as a science?
A) World War I and the Great Depression
B) the discovery of the new world and Renaissance
C) the American Revolution and the French Revolution
D) the Insurrection and Enlightenment
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5
Skill: Factual
7) Which social scientist first proposed applying the scientific method to the social world, a practice known as
positivism?
A) Maximilien Robespierre
B) Auguste Comte
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Herbert Spencer
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5
Skill: Factual
8) What social scientist proposed that societies evolve from a lower, barbaric form to a higher, civilized form in a
process he called social Darwinism?
A) Charles Darwin
B) Auguste Comte
C) Herbert Spencer
D) Emile Durkheim
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6
Skill: Factual
9) Herbert Spencer believed that societies evolved from lower to higher forms because as generations pass, the most
capable and intelligent members of society prosper while the less capable die out. What term did Spencer use to
describe this process?
A) the survival of the fittest
B) positivism
C) social egalitarianism
D) the social imperative
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6
Skill: Conceptual
10) Based on the original writings of Karl Marx, how would social change be accomplished?
A) Society would naturally evolve from a barbaric to more civilized form.
B) The education of the masses would lead to social change and innovation.
C) The application of the scientific method would improve social conditions.
D) Workers would unite and overthrow the capitalists through revolution.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6
Skill: ConceptualChapter 1 The Sociological Perspective2

11) According to the Wall Street Journal, who were the "three greatest modern thinkers"?
A) Thomas Edison; Herbert Spencer; Emile Durkheim
B) Ralph Waldo Emerson; Thomas Edison; Louis Pasteur
C) Karl Marx; Albert Einstein; Sigmund Freud
D) Albert Einstein; Thomas Edison; Auguste Comte
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6
Skill: Factual
12) Based on the theories formulated by Karl Marx, what was the ultimate goal of the proletariat?
A) The proletariat sought to establish a democratic society and independence.
B) The proletariat wanted to develop a society with a strong middle class.
C) The proletariat sought to develop a classless society free of exploitation.
D) The proletariat wanted to establish capitalism and a higher standard of living for all.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6
Skill: Conceptual
13) Who is credited with being "the world's first professor of sociology"?
A) Auguste Comte
B) Max Weber
C) Herbert Spencer
D) Emile Durkheim
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7
Skill: Factual
14) Based on Emile Durkheim's research on suicide, which of the following individuals would be the greatest
suicide risk?
A) Janine, a married mother of two who belongs to the Catholic church.
B) Herbert, a single Protestant man living in the city.
C) Milton, a devout Jew who is married with seven children.
D) Alice, a single parent supporting her daughter.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7
Skill: Conceptual
15) What did Max Weber believe was the central force in social change?
A) economics
B) politics
C) family
D) religion
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8
Skill: Factual
16) What was the "sign" Calvinists believed God would send them to indicate they were in divine favor and
destined for salvation?
A) family happiness
B) satisfaction in their worship
C) a long life
D) financial success
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8
Skill: AppliedTest Bank for Henslin / Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 8e3

17) How did Karl Marx and Max Weber differ in their theoretical assumptions?
A) Weber failed to recognize class differences in society.
B) Marx was a theoretical sociologist and Weber strictly an applied sociologist.
C) Weber addressed social structure which Marx totally ignored.
D) Marx believed economics was the central force of social change and Weber claimed it was religion.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8
Skill: Applied
18) Who was the first woman to hold a Presidential cabinet post (Secretary of Labor)?
A) Elizabeth Cady Stanton
B) Frances Perkins
C) Jane Addams
D) Janet Reno
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9
Skill: Factual
19) In 1890, where did the discipline of sociology first take root in the United States?
A) Harvard University
B) The University of Kansas
C) The University of California at Berkeley
D) Princeton University
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 9
Skill: Factual
20) Who was the pioneering sociologist at the University of Chicago who developed the symbolic interactionist
perspective?
A) Albion Small
B) Talcott Parsons
C) George Herbert Mead
D) Charles Horton Cooley
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9
Skill: Factual
21) Who was the first sociologist to win the Nobel Prize for Peace?
A) Margaret Sanger
B) Harriet Martineau
C) Jane Addams
D) Betty Freidan
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10
Skill: Factual
22) Who was the first African American to earn a doctoral degree from Harvard University?
A) Booker T. Washington
B) George Washington Carver
C) Benjamin Anthony Quarles
D) W. E. B. DuBois
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10
Skill: FactualChapter 1 The Sociological Perspective4

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23) What was the name of the journal edited by W.E. B. DuBois that he used to advance race relations and social
reform?
A) Sociological Viewpoints
B) The Reformer
C) The American Sociologist
D) Crisis
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10
Skill: Factual
24) In the 1940s who was the influential sociologist who developed abstract models of society to explain how the
parts of society work together harmoniously?
A) C. Wright Mills
B) Erving Goffman
C) Talcott Parsons
D) Michael Burawoy
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 12
Skill: Factual
25) Which of the following social scientists serves as the best example of an applied sociologist?
A) W. E. B. DuBois
B) Herbert Spencer
C) Talcott Parsons
D) Auguste Comte
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12
Skill: Applied
26) What term describes the use of sociology to solve social problems in business, the workplace, and other aspects
of society?
A) applied sociology
B) pure sociology
C) theoretical sociology
D) existential sociology
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12
Skill: Factual
27) What is a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work?
A) a theory
B) a concept
C) a correlation
D) an operational definition
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 14
Skill: Applied
28) What is the underlying principle of symbolic interactionism?
A) It measures how society uses sanctions to control behavior.
B) It states that behavior is controlled by factors beyond one's control.
C) It explains how one's behavior depends on the way they define themselves and others.
D) It is based on the premise that a history of man is a history of class conflict.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15
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29) People may change their opinions about an issue such as divorce based on a restructuring of that image, the
issues involved, and what they mean. This is an example of which sociological perspective?
A) structural functionalism
B) the conflict perspective
C) symbolic interactionism
D) the neo-conflict perspective
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 15
Skill: Applied
30) Many African Americans feel the flag for the Confederate States of America, "the stars and bars," is a sign of
racial hatred. State rights advocates view the same flag as being "heritage, not hatred." Such a difference of opinion
over the exact same material object is an illustration of which sociological perspective?
A) symbolic interactionism
B) functional analysis
C) structural analysis
D) conflict theory
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15
Skill: Applied
31) Which sociological perspective stresses that society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work
together harmoniously?
A) symbolic interactionism
B) functional analysis
C) the conflict perspective
D) the neo-conflict perspective
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16
Skill: Applied
32) Which two theorists viewed society as a type of living organism and are identified as being among the earliest
structural functionalists?
A) George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley
B) Karl Marx and Lewis Coser
C) Ernest Burgess and Robert Park
D) Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16
Skill: Factual
33) Who was the 20th century sociologist who dismissed the organic analogy of society but maintained the essence
of functionalism using the terms functions and dysfunctions to describe the consequences of people's actions?
A) Talcott Parsons
B) C. Wright Mills
C) Robert Merton
D) Erving Goffman
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16-17
Skill: FactualChapter 1 The Sociological Perspective6

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34) What term did Robert Merton use to describe human actions that hurt a system (society) that are usually
unintended?
A) manifest functions
B) latent functions
C) latent dysfunctions
D) manifest dysfunctions
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17
Skill: Applied
35) How would Robert Merton describe the intended beneficial consequences of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal
program that raised the standard of living for millions of Americans in the 1930s?
A) The benefits were latent functions.
B) The benefits would be classified as manifest dysfunctions.
C) The benefits would be classified as manifest functions.
D) The benefits were latent dysfunctions.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17
Skill: Conceptual
36) Which sociological perspective views society as being composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for
scarce resources?
A) conflict theory
B) structural functionalism
C) functional analysis
D) symbolic interactionism
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 18
Skill: Applied
37) What was the underlying assumption sociologist Lewis Coser made regarding the conflict perspective?
A) Coser believed conflict was a reflection of society's inability to cope with normlessness.
B) Coser pointed out that conflict is most likely to develop among people who are in close relationships.
C) Coser compared conflict in society to a stage in which participants compete for roles and awards.
D) Coser saw conflict as being functional for society and providing certain benefits.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 18
Skill: Conceptual
38) Which theoretical perspective in sociology is most aligned with micro-level analysis?
A) symbolic interactionism
B) feminist theory
C) conflict theory
D) structural functionalism
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19
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39) Cordell has done an extensive study of the increase in divorce rates in the United States since 1950. He has
come to the conclusion that the transformation of American society has resulted in a redefinition of love, marriage,
children, and the rate of divorce. In view of this, with which sociological perspective would Cordell's conclusion be
most aligned?
A) symbolic interactionism
B) the conflict perspective
C) structural functionalism
D) feminist theory
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 19
Skill: Conceptual
40) Elizabeth is developing a research proposal addressing the effects of juvenile delinquency on the economic
development of a community. She is using her state's crime code manual to determine what constitutes a "juvenile"
and what behavior qualifies as "delinquent." Which phrase best describes what Elizabeth is doing to provide a
precise way to measure the concepts of "juvenile" and "delinquency"?
A) Elizabeth is developing a correlation between juvenile delinquency and economic development.
B) Elizabeth is selecting the proper research method to use in her proposal.
C) Elizabeth is engaged in multivariate analysis by formulating a hypothesis.
D) Elizabeth is developing operational definitions on which to base her research.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 20
Skill: Applied
41) When IQ tests were first developed in the early 1900s they had a tendency to measure cultural traits more than
intellectual capability. In view of this, which of the following statements best applies to the early IQ tests?
A) They were highly valid but lacked reliability.
B) They would be considered as being qualitative but not quantitative.
C) They were culturally relative and ethnocentric.
D) They lacked validity which also compromised their reliability.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 21
Skill: Applied
42) Jimmy and Alex are doing a survey on the opinion undergraduate students have regarding academic services at
their university. There are 12,000 undergraduate students at their university but they plan to only survey 2,000 of
them. In view of this , the 12,000 students would be considered as the ________ and the 2,000 students surveyed
would be the ________.
A) universe; population
B) population; sample
C) sample; respondents
D) design; population
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24-25
Skill: Applied
43) Which of the following phrases best describes a random sample?
A) Everyone in the population has the same chance of being included in the study.
B) Participants in the study are picked at the convenience of the researcher.
C) There is no consistent method of choosing the participants in the study.
D) The participants in the study are picked from volunteers.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25
Skill: AppliedChapter 1 The Sociological Perspective8

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44) Cathy has developed a survey to administer to patrons of the SPCA. Items on the survey include "Name the first
five breeds of dogs that come to your mind" and "What is it about owning a dog that you enjoy the most?" After
each item the respondents have a space to write their response in their own words. These two items in Cathy's
surveys are examples of what type of question?
A) close-ended questions
B) rhetorical questions
C) open-ended questions
D) biased questions
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25
Skill: Conceptual
45) When a researcher asks a respondent general, non-sensitive questions to gain a feeling of trust before asking
questions of a more sensitive and personal nature, they are seeking to accomplish which of the following objectives?
A) They are trying to develop rapport with the subjects under study.
B) They are trying to increase the reliability of their study.
C) They are emphasizing the validity of their study.
D) They are practicing randomization so the respondents are unaware of the true purpose of the survey.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27
Skill: Applied
46) What is another name for the research method that is referred to as "participant observation" ?
A) fieldwork
B) survey research
C) secondary analysis
D) experimentation
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27
Skill: Factual
47) Anthony is conducting experimental research on the effects of an educational therapy program and the conflict
handling skills of inmates. He has established two groups. Group A will receive a special conflict handling therapy
program. Group B will go about their routine without receiving the therapy or a therapy substitute. What is the name
of Group B in experimental research such as this?
A) the control group
B) the treatment group
C) the placebo group
D) the reference group
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28
Skill: Applied
48) Jose is conducting research on organized crime. Rather than interviewing criminals or going undercover, he is
examining data that someone else has collected. In view of this, what research method is Jose using?
A) participant observation
B) secondary analysis
C) fieldwork
D) experimentation
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28
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49) After submitting her completed dissertation to the committee, Becky was accused of plagiarism by the chair of
the department. In view of this, what was the allegation the chair was making of Becky's work?
A) The chair believed Becky falsified the results of her data.
B) Becky failed to submit her dissertation in the appropriate form.
C) Becky copied major parts of her dissertation from someone else's work.
D) Becky violated the confidentiality and trust of the sample used in her research.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29
Skill: Applied
50) Who conducted the sociological research that included "tearooms," "watch queens," accusations of
"sociological snooping," and a violation of research ethics as he completed his dissertation?
A) Mario Brajuha
B) Talcott Parsons
C) Laud Humphreys
D) Erving Goffman
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30
Skill: Factual
True/False Questions
1) The corners of life that people occupy because of where they are located in a society, such as their sex,
occupation, and age, refers to social location.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 4
2) Subjectivity is a vital component of the scientific method due to the need to be spontaneous, creative, and
analytical.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 5
3) The concept of "survival of the fittest" was coined by Herbert Spencer, the father of the philosophical view called
social Darwinism.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 6
4) Marxism and communism are identical political ideologies with both leading to a classless society.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 7
5) Max Weber referred to the self-denying approach to life as the Protestant ethic.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 8
6) Sociology first took root as an academic discipline in the United States at the University of California at
Berkeley.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 9
7) As a part of his studies in sociology, W. E. B. DuBois attended lectures by Max Weber at the University of
Berlin.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 10Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective10

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8) Talcott Parsons is credited with being one of the major social reformers and social activists of the 1940s which
led to a widespread acceptance of sociology as a social science in America.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 12
9) Pure, basic, and applied sociology are all terms that mean virtually the same thing which is the application of the
scientific method to the social world.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 12
10) W. E. B. DuBois and Jane Addams are two early sociologists who would be most appropriately classified as
applied sociologists.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 12
11) Research aimed at learning more about some behavior is called basic sociology.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 14
12) In functional analysis how the parts of a society fit together to make the whole refers to function.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 16
13) Robert Merton and Emile Durkheim were both advocates of the concept of structural functionalism that views
society as being composed of many interrelated parts.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 16-17
14) Individuals becoming homeless because of welfare reform legislation that cuts all payments to non-working
Americans after two years would be classified as a latent dysfunction of the legislation.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 17
15) Symbolic interactionism and structural functionalism are both theoretical perspectives relying on macro level
analysis.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 19
16) Common sense is the most logical guide on which to base sociological research.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 20
17) In a large series of scores, the mode is the most representative measure of the average score.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 24
18) Although sociological research should be value free, undesirable results should be discarded when they are
contrary to the hypothesis.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 26
19) When using unobtrusive measures the researcher observes the behavior of people without the subjects'
knowledge they are being studied.
Answer: TRUE
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20) Repeating a study by other researchers to compare results is referred to as replication.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 31
Short Answer Questions
1) What is the scientific method?
Answer: The scientific method is using objective, systematic observations to test theories.
Page Ref: 5
2) What is positivism?
Answer: Positivism is the idea of applying the scientific method to the social world.
Page Ref: 5
3) What is social Darwinism?
Answer: Social Darwinism is an off shoot of the "survival of the fittest" concept applied to societies. It postulates if
charity, handouts, and other welfare programs were eliminated the less fit of society will die off. This will produce a
stronger gene pool and more advanced society by the surviving, stronger and more fit members of society.
Page Ref: 6
4) What conclusion did Emile Durkheim reach following his research on suicide rates in European countries?
Answer: Social factors underlie suicide rates more so than individual factors which accounts for a group's consistent
suicide rates year after year.
Page Ref: 7
5) How did Max Weber and Karl Marx both agree and disagree on what is the central force of social change?
Answer: Marx claimed economics was the central force in social change. Weber disagreed and claimed it was
religion. The agreement is in the application of Weber's claim. According to Weber, people did not know if they
were saved until Judgement Day. This inspired them to invest money for the sake of making more money (the spirit
of capitalism) which in the final analysis is social change based on economics.
Page Ref: 8
6) What was the major contribution Harriet Martineau made to the English-speaking world as it relates to the study
of sociology?
Answer: Harriet Martineau translated August Comte's works from French to English.
Page Ref: 9
7) Who were the three members of the sociology department at the University of Chicago whose ideas greatly
influenced the discipline?
Answer: Robert E. Park, Ernest Burgess, George Herbert Mead
Page Ref: 9
8) Who were the two applied sociologists who developed Hull-House in 1889 and eventually won a Nobel Prize for
their efforts?
Answer: Jane Addams and Ellen G. Starr
Page Ref: 10
9) What did W. E. B. DuBois mean when he referred to "the Veil"?
Answer: "The Veil" was shorthand for the Veil of Race, referring to how race colors all human relations.
Page Ref: 11
10) What organization did W. E. B. DuBois help found to encourage social action to fight the exploitation of
African Americans?
Answer: the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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11) What did C. Wright Mills mean by the term the power elite?
Answer: The power elite is the top leaders of business, politics, and the military who control much of the activity in
society and also pose a threat to freedom.
Page Ref: 12
12) What is the difference between basic sociology and applied sociology?
Answer: Basic sociology consists of constructing theory and testing hypotheses, analyzing some aspect of society
and publishing findings in sociological journals. Applied sociology is using sociology to investigate and solve
problems and implementing solutions to social problems based on theory.
Page Ref: 12
13) What are the three major sociological perspectives?
Answer: Symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory
Page Ref: 14
14) What is the common quality that manifest and latent functions share that distinguishes them from dysfunctions?
Answer: Manifest and latent functions are both beneficial to a system. Dysfunctions harm a system.
Page Ref: 17
15) What is nonverbal interaction?
Answer: Nonverbal interaction is the use of space, gestures, silence, and other forms of communication that do not
utilize spoken words but convey meaning.
Page Ref: 19
16) In research, what is a hypothesis?
Answer: In research, a hypothesis is a statement of what one expects to find according to the prediction made based
on theory.
Page Ref: 20
17) What is the difference between validity and reliability?
Answer: Validity means the operational definitions measure what is intended to be measured. Reliability refers to
the consistency of findings that occur when another researcher uses the same operational definitions and receives
similar, if not identical, responses.
Page Ref: 21
18) What are the two basic software programs that many sociologists and undergraduate students use to record and
analyze data?
Answer: Microcase and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
Page Ref: 22
19) In experimental research, what is the purpose of the control group?
Answer: The control group does not receive exposure to the independent variable. In the control group the second
measure of the dependent variable should be the same or similar to the first measure.
Page Ref: 28
20) What are unobtrusive measures?
Answer: Unobtrusive measures are methods of research where people under study are unaware their behavior is
being studied.
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In-depth Essay Questions
1) How did sociology begin as a true science?
Answer: Although people of the ancient world studied human behavior and social problems, their study emphasized
tradition, superstition, myth, and the position of the stars. Another quality that disqualified the study of society and
social problems by members of the ancient world was a lack of empirical testing of their assumptions and
conclusions.
As people became more literate they became more inquisitive and challenging. Increased observations of social
conditions led to the use of the scientific method to test conclusions. Social upheaval of previously accepted
traditions led to political revolutions in the American colonies and France. The Industrial Revolution created an
impetus for mass migration to the cities which created a need to further understand social life and group behavior.
Horrible working conditions, miserable pay, long hours, and exhausting work helped deteriorate family function .
Out of the turmoil, chaos, and change the new "science of man" was developed by Auguste Comte. The new science
applied the scientific method to the social world, a process known as positivism. The science grew in Europe with
the translation of Comte's works into English and was eventually brought to America at the turn of the 20th century.
Page Ref: 5-6
2) Trace the historical development of sociology from its beginnings in the nineteenth century to its growth as an
academic discipline in the U.S. Include in your explanation the factors contributing to the emergence of sociology
and how European sociology differed from sociology as it was practiced in America.
Answer: Sociology emerged in the early 19th century as the result of a number of factors. New ideas about society
and the conviction that individuals possess inalienable rights led to successful political revolutions in France and
America. Industrialization, urbanization, and immigration created a society much different from the traditional
agrarian society that had been dominant for the previous several thousand years. The rise in urbanization created a
need for drastic revisions in social policy and the manner in which people, especially groups, related to one another.
All of this set the stage for the creation of the new science of man developed by Auguste Comte in France. After his
initial work Positive Philosophy was translated into English by Martineau, the new science spread to English
speaking countries and by the late 19th century it spread to the United States. In America, sociology developed for
the same reasons it developed in Europe, primarily due to the industrialization of American society. This was
accompanied by the immigration of people from the rural areas to the cities and urbanization. The first academic
sociological programs developed at the University of Kansas, the University of Chicago, and Atlanta University in
the 1890s. Of these, the program at the University of Chicago was one of the most influential in developing the
discipline, stressing symbolic interactionism. Early American sociologists were more aligned with the practice of
applied sociology and using sociological principles for the purpose of social reform. European sociologists were
more aligned with pure or theoretical sociology and the development of sociological theory.
Page Ref: 5-6; 9-10
3) Identify the five major social thinkers who developed the basis of sociological theory in Europe. Include with
each theorist their major contribution to the discipline.
Answer: The five major social thinkers to develop sociology in Europe were Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl
Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. Comte is credited with being the father of sociology. He was the first
person to apply the scientific method to the social world, a concept known as positivism. Herbert Spencer,
sometimes called the "second father of sociology" was the first major English-speaking sociologist. He is credited
with developing the concept of social Darwinism that encouraged a "survival of the fittest" approach to society. As a
sociologist, Spencer developed a wide following of other social scientists in England and America. Karl Marx,
although not actually a sociologist, had a profound influence on developing the conflict perspective. Using
economics and political science, Marx developed a model of society that pitted the owners of the means of
production against the exploited class of workers. Emile Durkheim was instrumental in having sociology recognized
as a separate academic discipline. Durkheim concentrated on understanding the importance of social interaction and
social integration, stressing that human behavior could not be understood in individualistic terms. Max Weber
challenged the conclusions of Marx that economics was the central force of social change. Weber believed that role
belonged to religion. Weber also did extensive work on how religious doctrine affected the development of
capitalism in Europe.
Page Ref: 5-8Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective14

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