IPL Lab Report

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O ;Northeastern UniversityReport for Experiment #1MeasurementAnh DoLab Partner:Deanna Guo, Maggie ChuaTA:George Wanes01/23/2023

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IntroductionMeasuring an object can result in not the exact values. The difference between measurement and actualvalues is an error. Errors can happen within using any tools, even with the best and priciest tool the worldcould find.Some different tyqjes of errors are instrumental, systematic, and random. Instrumental error occurs whenthe calibration of the tool being used is incorrect - an example is weighing baking ingredients withouttaring the scale. Systematic error occurs consistently and repeatedly and can be associated with whenusing defective equipment - an example is repeating the same measured number previously’. Randomerror occurs in an unpredictable and with unknown reasons during an experiment - an example is astudent reading off a ruler with a wrong number when measuring a stainless-steel cylinder. Thedifferences between the three errors: random error happens by a known source that results inunanticipated outcome, and systematic error happens within the system with calculations that ends inimperfections, while instrumental error results from faulty equipment.The formula to calculate the volume of a cylinder:V =L4A derived quantity is what volume of the cylinder is called. Calculating the volume of a cylinder is alsocalculating how much space it can contain. When measuring its diameter and length, they have their ownerrors due to the measuring tool. The error in the cylinder is also caused by these measurement errors.The formula to calculate the density:' = vCalculating density’is mass divided by volume. For homogeneous substances, the density is independentfor the size, mass, and shape. Density’is also calculating how- heavy the object is compared to itsproportion.Background radiation count rate is the measurement of radiation in the background of the environment.The Geiger counter was used to measure the radioactive in the background during the experiment.Standard deviation is the measurement of how much the data is being spread out compared to the mean.Standard error in the mean is comparing the mean of the population to the sample mean. These twocorrelated because when the standard deviation increases, the standard error also increases.In the first investigation, density’was calculated using the measurements of length, diameter, and mass ofthe metals. The measurements were done using a scale and a mler. Then, all four were determined for themagnitude of errors - approximately’equal to one-half of the smallest increment of the ruler and the scale.The Geiger counter was used to measure the number of background radioactive counts for the secondinvestigation. Using this tool helps the understanding of how much amount of radioactivity' happensduring the experiment and the factors of random error that can occur.

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Investigation 1: Density of a MaterialFirst, the mass (g) of the four cylinders of rhe same material was weighted using a digital scale after zerothe scale. The measurements for length (cm) and diameter (cm) of each cylinder were ±en measuredusing a ruler. The smallest increment of mas was 0.1 grams. The error was calculated as the smallestincrement divided by 2:6m g=0=0.055The smallest increment of length and diameter was 1mm, so it was converted to 0.1 c m Because rhesame tool, ruler, was used, so rhe error for both values is ± e same. The calculation for the error for lengthand diameter was also the same way as the calculation for mass; the smallest increment divided b y 2 forboth values.6L cm ~ 6 D c m ~-0.05cmThe error was divided b y the measured data for each measurement, as shown in Table 1.Cylinder# 1#2# 3# 4m(g)21.49.513.92.66m (g)0.050.050.050.056m/m0.00230.00530.00360.020L (cm)6.34.73.93.26L (cm)0.050.050.050.056 L 10.0080.0120.0130.016D(ctn)1.20.91.21.16D (cm)0.050.050.050.056D.D0.0420.0560.0420.045Table 1. Mass, Length, Diameter for each cylinder and ±eir respective errors calculated.After having measurements for the mass, length and diameter, the volume was calculated. The formula tocalculate density7:4The below formula was used to calculate the error for volume.<5V ____The table below contains the calculated volume and the error of the four cylinders.Cylinder# 1#2#3# 4V (cm3)7 13.04.43.0

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