LSAT for Dummies (2021)

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LSAT for Dummies (2021) provides everything you need to pass your certification test.

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LSAT® For Dummies® with Online Practice, 3rd Edition
Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774,
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
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71628-0 (ebk)

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LSAT® For Dummies® with Online
Practice
To view this book's Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com
and search for “LSAT For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the Search
box.
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Introduction
About This Book
Foolish Assumptions
Icons Used in This Book
Beyond the Book
Where to Go from Here
Part 1: Getting Started with the LSAT
Chapter 1: The L Team: The LSAT and Its Administrators
Getting to Know the Enemy
Taking a Quick Look at the Types of Questions
You Gotta Score!
Registering for the LSAT
Preparing for the LSAT
What Have You Done for Me Lately? The LSAC
Chapter 2: Test-Taking Basics: Setting Yourself Up for Success
Planning Your LSAT Test-Taking Tactics
To Guess or Not to Guess
Readying Yourself for Battle
Life after the LSAT: What to Do Now?
Chapter 3: The Lowdown on Law School Admissions
Choosing a Law School
Filling Out All the Forms — Applying to Law School
Part 2: Analytical Reasoning: Following the Rules of the Logic Game
Chapter 4: Gaming the Analytical Reasoning Questions
Analyzing the Analytical Reasoning Section

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Setting Yourself Up for Success Step by Step
Attending to Some Analytical Reasoning Do’s
Chapter 5: Proper Placement: Analytical Reasoning Ordering
Games
Spotting Ordering Games
Becoming Chairman of the (Game) Board
Answering Ordering Questions
Ordering the Approach to an Advanced Game
Chapter 6: Type Casting: Grouping Games
Classifying Grouping Games
Following the Rules of Division
Expanding the Grouping Game Board
Mastering Practice Grouping Games
Part 3: Logical Reasoning: Picking Apart an Argument
Chapter 7: Analyzing Arguments: The Basics of Logical
Reasoning
What You Can Expect in the Logical Reasoning Sections
Taking a Systematic Approach
Making a Case: Essentials of Informal Logic
Chapter 8: Conclusions, Inferences, Assumptions, and Flaws in
Logical Reasoning Questions
Jumping to Logical Conclusions
Using Your Noggin to Make Inferences
Making Assumptions
Finding Flaws in an Argument
Chapter 9: Strengthening and Weakening Arguments
Understanding How These Questions Work
Build It Up: Strengthen/Support Questions
Tear It Down: Weakening Questions
A Twist: EXCEPT Questions
Chapter 10: Examining Other Logical Reasoning Question
Types
Reconciling Discrepancies and Paradoxes
Finding Points of Agreement and Disagreement
Reasoning by Pattern
Exploring Arguments Based on Principles
Figuring Out an Argument’s Structure
Knowing the Role Played by a Claim
Part 4: Reading Comprehension: Read ’Em but Don’t Weep

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Chapter 11: Rites of Passage(s): Types of Reading Passages
and Questions
Presenting Reading Passages
Approaching Reading Questions
Chapter 12: Safe Landing: Mastering the Approach to Reading
Comprehension
Reading Comprehension Strategy
Pacing Yourself through the Passages
Starting with the Questions
Giving Sample Passage 1 a Shot: Influenza Vaccination
Conquering Sample Passage 2: Manifest Destiny
Part 5: The Writing Sample: Penning a Persuasive Argument
Chapter 13: Pick a Side, Any Side: Responding to the Writing
Sample Prompt
Picking a Side — No Ridin’ the Fence
Walking through a Practice Essay
Chapter 14: Practice Writing Samples
Topic 1: Choosing a Law School
Topic 2: The Sporting Goods Store
Part 6: The Real Deal: Full-Length Practice LSATs
Chapter 15: Some Rainy-Day “Fun”: LSAT Practice Exam 1
Answer Sheet for Practice Exam 1
Section I: Analytical Reasoning
Section II: Logical Reasoning
Section III: Reading Comprehension
Section IV: Logical Reasoning
Writing Sample
Chapter 16: Practice Exam 1: Answers and Explanations
Section I: Analytical Reasoning
Section II: Logical Reasoning
Section III: Reading Comprehension
Section IV: Logical Reasoning
Answer Key for Practice Exam 1
Computing Your Score
Chapter 17: Perfecting with Practice: LSAT Practice Exam 2
Answer Sheet for Practice Exam 2
Section I: Logical Reasoning
Section II: Reading Comprehension
Section III: Logical Reasoning
Section IV: Analytical Reasoning

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Writing Sample
Chapter 18: Practice Exam 2: Answers and Explanations
Section I: Logical Reasoning
Section II: Reading Comprehension
Section III: Logical Reasoning
Section IV: Analytical Reasoning
Answer Key for Practice Exam 2
Chapter 19: Even More “Fun”: LSAT Practice Exam 3
Answer Sheet for Practice Exam 3
Section I: Logical Reasoning
Section II: Reading Comprehension
Section III: Analytical Reasoning
Section IV: Logical Reasoning
Writing Sample
Chapter 20: Practice Exam 3: Answers and Explanations
Section I: Logical Reasoning
Section II: Reading Comprehension
Section III: Analytical Reasoning
Section IV: Logical Reasoning
Answer Key for Practice Exam 3
Part 7: The Part of Tens
Chapter 21: Ten (Plus One) Myths about the LSAT
The LSAT Doesn’t Have Anything to Do with Law School
You Can’t Study for the LSAT
You Must Take a Prep Course to Do Well on the LSAT
Some People Just Can’t Do Analytical Reasoning Problems
You Can Spot Difficult Questions Before You Work Them
B Is the Best Letter to Guess
No One Reads the Writing Sample
Finishing a Section Is Better Than Concentrating on Two-Thirds of
It
A Great LSAT Score Guarantees Admission to a Great Law
School
The LSAT Is Used Only for Admissions Purposes
Your Score Won’t Improve if You Retake the LSAT
Chapter 22: Ten Kinds of Law You Can Practice
Business/Corporate
Criminal
Domestic Relations/Family Law
Employment/Labor

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Introduction
Welcome to LSAT For Dummies, 3rd Edition! This book contains updates to familiarize
you with the LSAT’s Digital format so that you’re comfortable with taking the test on a
tablet. Even though the delivery is modern, the content of the Law School Admission Test
(LSAT) hasn’t changed. You may have heard horror stories about the LSAT, especially
about the infamous “logic games.” Yes, the LSAT is no walk in the park, but it’s not the
hardest test in the universe. It doesn’t require you to brush off your math and science texts
from high school, and it doesn’t expect you to remember anything from your history
classes. It really just expects you to be able to read and analyze. If you can read carefully
and quickly and then apply what you’ve read, you already have the skills you need to
succeed on the LSAT.
This book helps you refine those skills and apply them to the particular tasks on the
LSAT. If you go through this book and work through a healthy number of practice
questions, you should have a good idea of what awaits you on test day.
About This Book
First, allow us to tell you what this book can do: This book introduces you to the LSAT
and helps you get a handle on how to take it. It describes the three types of multiple-choice
sections — analytical reasoning, logical reasoning, and reading comprehension — and
provides guidance on how to handle them, with plenty of practice questions and
explanations. It also touches on the writing sample, which is unscored but still merits a bit
of attention. The first three chapters discuss some basics of law school admissions, test-
taking strategy, and other logistical entertainment.
On to what the book can’t do: This book doesn’t give you a bunch of tricks to help you
“crack” the LSAT. The LSAT isn’t a nut; it’s a test, and to do well on it you have to apply
your natural intelligence and experience. We give you plenty of advice on how to
approach each question type to maximize your talents and train your mind to think in the
most effective way.
Included in this book are three full-length practice tests, which you can use to try out the
tips and techniques we provide throughout the chapters. The difficulty levels and thought
patterns on the practice tests are similar to those on real LSATs. Actual LSAT test-prep
instructors and LSAT-takers assisted us by massaging and tweaking the questions to make
sure that they’re equivalent to the real LSAT questions. You can get real and valuable
practice by using the questions in this book. But the fact is, no one makes real LSAT
questions but the real Law School Admission Council (LSAC). If you want real LSAT
questions, get yourself some LSAT PrepTests, which are real LSATs administered in
previous years. That’s the most authentic practice you can find, and we highly recommend
it. (You can order these official tests in text or digital form from the LSAC website:
www.lsac.org. They come with answers but [in most cases] not explanations, so
they’re great practice, but to figure out why your answers are right or wrong, you should
work through this book first to get a sense of how the questions work.)
To help, we italicize any new LSAT-related terms that you’re likely to be unfamiliar with
the first time we use it.
Because this book is a test-prep, you probably want to read most everything here. Besides,
we worked really hard on this book! However, if you’re pressed for time or just have a

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short attention span, you can skip the sidebars and any text marked with a Technical Stuff
icon without missing out on too much.
Foolish Assumptions
We make a few assumptions about you, the reader (we hope you don’t mind):
Call us crazy, but we’re guessing you’ve signed up to take the LSAT or you’re at
least seriously considering taking the LSAT.
We know, of course, that you’re not a dummy. You’ve likely received or are in the
process of receiving an undergraduate degree and are no stranger to thinking
analytically. You simply need guidance regarding how to apply your already sharp
skills to the unfamiliar question types on the LSAT.
Our third and final assumption is that you’ve chosen this book for one of several
reasons — the fabulous For Dummies reputation for providing information in an
easily accessible format, the price, or the attention-grabbing yellow-and-black cover
— but mainly because you think you want to go to law school, and the LSAT is the
primary way to that destination.
Icons Used in This Book
This book, like all For Dummies books, uses icons to help you spot important tidbits of
information and break up the monotony of otherwise plain and ordinary pages. Here are
the icons you’ll encounter in this book:
This icon marks useful bits of information that may come in handy when you
study for or take the LSAT.
This icon reminds you of valuable strategies to keep in mind as you work
through the test content.
This icon marks stuff to avoid, potential mistakes, and traps for the unwary.
This icon identifies practice questions that demonstrate how to apply specific
techniques.

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This icon highlights extra tidbits of info that enhance your reading but aren’t
essential to preparing for the LSAT.
Beyond the Book
By now we’re hoping that you’re impressed with the wealth of content contained in this
book. But to quote your favorite infomercials: Wait! There’s more!
In addition to what you’re reading right now, this book comes with a free access-anywhere
Cheat Sheet that includes tips to help you prepare for the LSAT. To get this Cheat Sheet,
simply go to www.dummies.com and type “LSAT For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the
Search box.
You also get access to four full-length online practice tests and approximately 500
flashcards. To gain access to the online practice, all you have to do is register. Just follow
these simple steps:
1. Register your book or ebook at Dummies.com to get your PIN. Go
to www.dummies.com/go/getaccess.
2. Select your product from the dropdown list on that page.
3. Follow the prompts to validate your product, and then check your email for a
confirmation message that includes your PIN and instructions for logging in.
If you don’t receive this email within two hours, please check your spam folder before
contacting us through our Technical Support website
athttp://support.wiley.com or by phone at 877-762-2974.
Now you’re ready to go! You can come back to the practice material as often as you want
— simply log on with the username and password you created during your initial login.
No need to enter the access code a second time.
Your registration is good for one year from the day you activate your PIN.
Where to Go from Here
If you bought this book, you must have some plan — definite or tentative — to take the
LSAT. But just buying the book alone won’t help you much. To get the full benefit, you
have to open it up, read it, and work the problems.
There are two approaches you can take:
Read all the explanatory materials, work your way through all the practice problems,
and then take the practice tests at the end and see how you did.
Take one of the full-length tests to see how well you do. Score your test. Then study
the sections that give you the most trouble, concentrating on the questions you find
difficult.

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Chapter 1
The L Team: The LSAT and Its
Administrators
IN THIS CHAPTER
Exploring the various sections of the LSAT
Understanding the LSAT scoring system
Knowing how and when to register for the LSAT
Studying for the LSAT
Meeting the LSAC
If you want to go to law school, you’ll likely take the Law School Admission Test, also
known as the LSAT. The more than 200 law schools that belong to the Law School
Admission Council (LSAC) require the LSAT (see the later section “What Have You
Done for Me Lately? The LSAC” for info about the LSAC). Some schools may allow you
to substitute a GRE score for the LSAT. Law schools that don’t require either the LSAT or
GRE for admission may not be approved by the American Bar Association (ABA), which
in turn may not qualify you for admission to a state bar, so be careful about choosing a
school that doesn’t require the LSAT.
The LSAT, annoying though it can be, provides a significant metric for law schools to
evaluate their applicants on the same playing field. Colleges are different, backgrounds are
different, and cultures are different, but the LSAT is the same for everyone. The LSAT is
carefully designed so that the testing experience of test-takers is virtually identical. Each
LSAT test is crafted so that test-takers have a 90 percent chance of scoring the same on a
different version. So, law schools feel confident that the LSAT is an objective measure of
student ability.
Grade point averages, unlike the LSAT, are highly subjective; they vary depending on the
difficulty of a school, the difficulty of particular courses, and other random and
unpredictable factors (like the grading policies of individual professors). Law school
applications include other information like personal statements that can give schools an
idea of a student’s abilities, but the schools still can’t know for sure that they’re getting the
real goods — plenty of students get help writing those essays. That leaves the LSAT as
one of the most reliable and objective means to compare candidates.
In this chapter, you get an introduction to the LSAT and its various parts and learn all
about registering and preparing for the big day. You also get a peek at the organization
behind all this madness, the LSAC.
If you’re going to be a lawyer, you have to get used to disclaimers, and here’s
ours for this chapter. The technical information we offer about fees and procedures

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is subject to change, so refer to the official website (www.lsac.org) to verify
the facts and figures for yourself.
Getting to Know the Enemy
If you want to get a decent score on the LSAT, you need to know the test. You can’t
expect to walk into a test center cold, never having encountered an LSAT in your life, and
just ace the questions.
You don’t necessarily have to study for a long time. If you’re good at standardized tests,
you may be able to flip through one or two sample tests, work a few of the problems, get
the idea, and score in the 95th percentile. Some people can. If, on the other hand, you find
standardized tests generally challenging, and the LSAT difficult in particular, you
probably need to devote yourself to more practice time to master the proven strategies
provided by this book. Whatever your situation, keep motivated and prepare with the
certainty that you can and will improve with dedicated practice.
The LSAT is offered digitally and consists of four different question types:
Analytical reasoning questions
Logical reasoning questions
Reading comprehension questions
Writing sample
The analytical reasoning, logical reasoning, and reading comprehension sections consist of
multiple-choice questions. You take these questions at a testing center in a format called
the Digital LSAT, which delivers these questions via an electronic tablet rather than a
paper booklet. The tablet format is similar to a paper test, but instead of marking answers
with a No. 2 pencil, you mark and eliminate answers and highlight portions of the
questions with a stylus. The testing center supplies you with scratch paper and a pen to
work through problems; you can also bring in your own pencils and eraser.
The Digital LSAT consists of five separate test sections presented in no particular order:
Two scored sections of logical reasoning
One scored analytical reasoning section
One scored reading comprehension section
One unscored section that can be another section of any of the three multiple-choice
question types
You don’t know which section is unscored, and the unscored section looks just like any
other LSAT test section. Every section lasts 35 minutes.
The unscored section that you take is a collection of questions that the LSAC is
considering using on a future LSAT. The LSAC wants to see how well these new
questions work when presented to actual LSAT-takers. This section can be

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analytical reasoning, logical reasoning, or reading comprehension; you don’t know
which section is unscored.
GOING WITH THE FLOW: LSAT FLEX
In the spring of 2020, the LSAT responded to the social distancing limitations imposed by
COVID-19 by implementing the LSAT Flex, a digital version of the test that prospective law
students can take at home. A remote proctor monitors your every move while you work
through the same question types that appear on any other version of the test. To decrease
the testing time and keep the proctors from falling asleep, the LSAT decreased the number
of sections in the test and, consequently, the amount of time you spend answering the
questions. Instead of the traditional five sections (four scored and one unscored), the LSAT
Flex has three sections:
• One 35-minute reading comprehension section
• One 35-minute analytical reasoning section
• One 35-minute logical reasoning section (instead of two)
The scoring scale is the same, and scores are available about three weeks after the test.
Whatever the circumstances, the LSAT has you covered.
The writing sample isn’t offered at the test center. You prepare an essay on your own
computer at home (or some other secluded place free of interruptions) in response to a
specific prompt. The scheduled writing session is timed and remotely proctored. You must
complete at least one writing sample before the LSAC will report your LSAT scores to
law schools, but you don’t need to complete a writing sample every time you take the
Digital LSAT.
The quickest way to get your hands on an actual LSAT is to take the free
sample tests available at the LSAC website (www.lsac.org). Completing the
samples is a good way to familiarize yourself with the test and its digital format.
Taking a Quick Look at the Types of
Questions
The LSAT has three different kinds of multiple-choice questions and an unscored written
essay. Each questions type has its own virtues and vices, and you’ll come to know and
love them all (though we won’t blame you if you pick a favorite).
Analytical reasoning — playing games with your head
The analytical reasoning section consists of four logic problems — the infamous “logic
games” — each of which is followed by between five and eight questions. These games
involve a group of players (or game pieces) that you need to arrange or assign and the
rules that govern how you go about it.

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You may get something like: “Five college students — B, C, D, E, and F — must share
three rooms in a house. B can’t stay with D. E must stay with F.” This fact pattern is
followed by several questions that allow you to explore your understanding of the
relationships between the students and the dorm rooms. One question may propose five
possible roommate arrangements and ask you to choose which one is the only one that
could work.
This kind of puzzle commonly appears on IQ tests or in books of games to amuse travelers
on airplanes. What they have to do with law school is a mystery to many people. The
LSAC PrepTest booklets say that these types of problems “simulate the kinds of detailed
analyses of relationships that a law student must perform in solving legal problems.” And
it’s true that the skills the analytical reasoning section tests are important in law school. To
answer these questions correctly, you must read carefully and accurately. You have to
apply rules to a system, which is similar to applying statutes or case law to a problem. You
have to restrict your analysis to what’s directly stated or to what can be logically inferred.
So the analytical reasoning section is fairly useful at predicting who might succeed in law
school.
The analytical reasoning section is worth about 25 percent of your LSAT score. See
Chapters 4 through 6 for more on analytical reasoning.
Logical reasoning — putting your arguing skills to
good use
The logical reasoning section consists of about 25 short (for example, three or four
sentences) passages about various topics. Each of them is followed by one question. The
questions ask you to identify the point of an argument, to make deductions about what the
author is assuming, to draw conclusions, to identify principles or argument structures, to
spot logical errors, and so forth.
Most of these questions involve informal or casual logic, the kind you use to make
everyday decisions. All you have to do is read carefully (and quickly) and think clearly.
Sometimes the wording is tricky, and you have to concentrate to avoid getting confused.
Jotting down some notes or paraphrasing the passage in your own words can help you
focus.
Every LSAT has two logical reasoning sections. Together, they’re worth about 50 percent
of your LSAT score. Chapters 7 through 10 are full of information about logical
reasoning.
Because the logical reasoning section is worth a considerable percentage of
your total LSAT score, work hard on your technique for these problems. You get
twice the benefit if you do well on this section!
Reading comprehension — concentrating and
remembering what you read
In the reading comprehension section, you read three fairly long and one pair of shorter
passages on particular topics and answer several questions about them. The questions ask
about the author’s conclusion, the author’s tone, the meaning of words, how the passage is
organized, and other points designed to test your ability to understand what you read. The
good news: The LSAT uses a limited pool of question types over and over again. Because

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you can predict the types of questions being asked, you can practice reading to answer the
questions you know you’ll see.
Topics range from humanities and science and social science disciplines to law-related
writing. You don’t need any expertise in any particular area; in fact, if you have expertise
in the subject of a passage, try to forget your outside knowledge. You want to answer all
the questions from the information given to you in the passage. Outside knowledge may
actually distract you!
This section tests your ability to read and understand a fairly long reading passage.
Reading and understanding a long passage is applicable to law school because most law
classes consist of reading long, densely worded passages on obscure topics and then
answering questions about them.
The reading comprehension section accounts for about 25 percent of your LSAT score.
See Chapters 11 and 12 for the lowdown.
The writing sample — jumping the final hurdle
The other part of the LSAT is the digital writing sample. You get 35 minutes to write your
essay on your own computer. The essay topic lets you exhibit your skills at using a set of
facts to defend one course of action over another.
For example, your question may ask you to decide which dog a widow should buy: a
German shepherd, which would be a good guard dog but not very affectionate, or a
Pekingese, which would make a good companion but be utterly useless for home defense.
(You can explore this question further in Chapter 13.)
Your selection doesn’t matter. There’s no right or wrong answer. All you have to do is
pick a side and justify your decision. Chapters 13 and 14 go over this process in detail.
You don’t get a score on the writing sample, but the Credential Assembly Service (CAS)
sends a copy of your essay to every law school that receives your LSAT score.
Some folks wonder why they should prepare for the writing sample section if
it’s unscored. Law schools often read essays in deciding borderline cases or
comparing similar applicants. If your profile is substantially similar to hundreds of
others, law schools often look at the essays to compare like candidates.
You Gotta Score!
The LSAT is scored on a scale from 120 to 180; every year a few people attain the
Everest-like peak of 180, and they can pretty much write their own tickets to law school.
Although percentile charts vary slightly among test administrations, the average LSAT
score is around 152. Any score higher than 160 is quite good and puts you in the top 20
percent of test-takers (80th percentile). A score of around 164 puts you around the 90th
percentile, and a score of 173 or above is where the top 1 percent of test-takers usually
reside.
To get a 160, you need to answer about 75 percent of the answers correctly. To get a 150,
you need to answer correctly about 55 percent. If you get 95 percent or more right, your
score will be up in the stratosphere, around a 175. The LSAT scoring is straightforward.
Your raw score is the number of questions you get right; no points are deducted for wrong

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answers. You plug that raw score into the score chart to determine what your LSAT score
would be. So if, say, your test has 100 questions on it, and you get 75 of them right, your
raw score is 75 and your LSAT score may be 161. If you get 44 right, you’d get more like
a 144. The raw score to scaled score conversion changes very slightly from test to test to
account for the minor differences in difficulty of each test.
The LSAT-writers work hard to ensure that the test is reliable. That means that
the same test-taker should get scores in a similar range on two or three different
tests and that luck in getting an easy test shouldn’t be a factor in scores. In practice,
luck is always something of a factor, but it shouldn’t be a major one.
Still, you’ve probably taken a metric ton of tests by now, and you know that everyone has
good days and bad days, good tests and bad tests (hey, even good hair days and bad hair
days!). The combination of a bad test and a bad mood (say, for instance, despite our
advice to the contrary, you pull an all-nighter before exam day) can lead to a misleadingly
bad score. If that happens, you can cancel your score and try again (see more about doing
this in Chapter 2). On the other hand, you may be in the test-taking zone on test day, and
every question seems laughably easy to you. It can happen that way. If you have a good
day, thank your lucky stars because that’ll probably result in a good LSAT score and law
school admission.
What if you get a 160 and your friend gets a 163? Does that mean your friend
is a better law school prospect than you? Probably not. Small differences among
test-takers aren’t usually due to actual differences of ability. Your score will be in
the range of scores you’re capable of, but if you take the LSAT several times
within a short period of time, you probably won’t get the same score every time. It
may go up or down slightly, but it should be within 3 points up or down of your
original score (though your mileage may vary).
Registering for the LSAT
The LSAT typically happens eight times a year: one Saturday every month except for
March, May, September, and December. If you want to enter law school the next fall, you
should take the LSAT by the prior December, or February at the latest, though we
recommend taking it earlier. August, October, and November are the most popular test
dates because some law schools start taking applications in the fall and begin accepting
applicants early in the winter; the earlier you apply, the better your odds of acceptance.
The registration fee for the LSAT is currently $200. (Prices are subject to change — and
likely will — so be sure to check with the LSAC to find out current charges.)
Keep the following things in mind when registering for the LSAT:
Be sure to register. Okay, duh. But really, be sure to register. The deadlines for
registration fall well ahead of test dates, so you need to be on the ball. You can find
the deadlines on the LSAC website (www.lsac.org). Plan accordingly. And make
sure you’re free the day of the test!

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When you register, be very careful to enter the correct code for your test center.
If you get the code wrong, you may be assigned a test center in a different state —
not convenient. (The LSAC doesn’t check for accuracy; the LSAC has no idea where
you really want to take the test, so it doesn’t know if you make a mistake.) Driving
several hours the day before your test definitely won’t calm your nerves. You can
change your test center through the LSAC website for a fee, but you don’t want to
have to worry about that if you can avoid it.
Upload your picture before the deadline. When you register for the LSAT, you
need to include a picture of your face. You don’t need to upload the picture at the
time of registration, but you should. Your picture must be in the system by the
upload deadline (about a month before the test date), or you won’t be able to take the
test on that day.
If something comes up — you catch the flu, you get sent overseas to war, you go
into labor — and you’re unable to take the LSAT, you can get a partial refund.
Granted, you get only a small portion of your registration fee back, but that’s better
than nothing. The LSAC website has deadlines for sending in the request.
If you discover before the test date that you won’t be able to make it that day,
you can change your test date. Of course, you have to pay a fee. The LSAC website
has the deadlines for sending in a written request.
If you absolutely can’t afford the cost of the LSAT, you can apply for a fee
waiver on the LSAC website. The LSAC doesn’t want to deny access to the legal
profession solely on the basis of economic disadvantage. Be warned, though; the
requirements are quite strict.
Preparing for the LSAT
Helping students prepare for the LSAT has become a multimillion-dollar (at least)
industry. Test-prep companies promise huge score increases; students spend thousands on
semester-long courses and tutors. Every major bookstore is full of books to help
prospective lawyers on their way.
Be wary of expensive classes or snake oil salesmen that promise to reveal
secrets or give you huge score increases. Usually, all that most people need is a
good LSAT prep book (such as this one!) and a few recent LSAT tests to do their
best on test day. Save your money for law school! But be warned: Many folks lack
the motivation and discipline for self-study. If this describes you, buckle down and
sign a contract with yourself, form a study group, or consider enrolling in a
reasonably priced test prep course.
What really helps

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What really helps you succeed at the LSAT is exposure to the test. Exposure may mean
something as simple as taking one or two sample tests the days before you take the official
one. More often, though, it may mean several weeks — or even months — of practice.
WHAT STUDY METHOD WORKS BEST FOR YOU?
No one wants to spend too much of her life thinking about the LSAT. Studying as efficiently
as possible makes sense. Here are some possible plans for your LSAT studying.
• The slow and careful approach: You should go with this approach if you take
preparing for the LSAT very seriously and are willing to spend a good deal of time
on it. Start at least two months before you plan to take the LSAT. Go to the LSAC
website (www.lsac.org) and order official LSAT exams, either the paper books
or the digital access or both. Read all the chapters in this book carefully, working
all the practice questions. Then take the three practice exams at the end of the
book and the others available online. When you feel comfortable with the material,
take as many official LSAT tests as you can. When the time comes to take the real
LSAT, fear not — you’ll be ready for anything it throws at you.
• The quick and dirty route: Okay, so you’ve put off studying for the LSAT to the
last minute (a habit we recommend you overcome before you enter law school!)
and need to maximize the little amount of time remaining before you take the test.
Here’s what you should do: Begin at least the week before the LSAT. Read
Chapters 4 through 12. Work some of the questions available online. If you can’t
answer the questions quickly and easily, check back to the appropriate chapters to
find out more about your problem areas. Access the two full-length Digital LSAT
practice tests from the LSAC website, take one of the tests under timed conditions,
and review your answers to discover your areas of weakness. Work as many of
the practice problems in this book as you can, concentrating particularly on the
question types that give you the most trouble. Outline a writing sample essay in
your head to make sure you’re familiar with how to organize a response to an
essay prompt. Take the other official practice test. Show up at the LSAT and do
your best.
• Riding the fence: Most of you probably fall somewhere in the middle. That’s fine;
you’re the one who knows what you need and how much time you can afford.
No matter how you choose to study, start sooner rather than later. The more time you spend
working on the LSAT, the better you’ll get at it, so you don’t want to shortchange yourself by
procrastinating.
If you need extra prep materials, you can’t do better than the official LSATs
sold by the LSAC; compilations of prior paper tests are available in texts called
PrepTests, and they’re the actual LSATs that have been administered to willing
victims over the last decade. Be warned, though; the LSAT has increased in
difficulty and changed slightly in format over the years, so you’ll get your most
valuable practice from the most recent tests. You can take two Digital LSATs for
free from the LSAC website and also buy access 60 official tests in the digital
format for one year.
Practice makes perfect

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Any book you consult will recommend that you prepare for the LSAT by taking a full,
official practice test or two under simulated test-day conditions. That means sitting down
on a Saturday morning (or some other day when you have three hours unscheduled) with
access to an official Digital LSAT practice test from the LSAC website, some scratch
paper, a No. 2 pencil, and an eraser, working your way through the test, section by section,
stopping work when the timer buzzes.
Taking a timed, full-length practice test is ideal, but if you’re unable to carve out three
hours to complete this useful exercise, don’t despair. Your valuable (and presumably
limited) study time may be better spent working through questions slowly and carefully,
making sure that you really know how to work the analytical reasoning problems and
analyze the logical reasoning questions. Then take timed practice sections to hone your
time-management skills for each question type.
However you decide to practice, just be sure you give yourself enough time. Try to start at
least a couple of weeks before the test date. The more exposure you have to test questions,
the more comfortable you’ll be on exam day.
What Have You Done for Me Lately? The
LSAC
Did you ever wonder who makes up the LSAT? It comes from the minds of the Law
School Admission Council, or LSAC, a nonprofit corporation in Newtown, Pennsylvania.
The LSAC comprises the majority of law schools in the United States and Canada; the
member professors and attorneys volunteer their time to the council. The LSAC offers a
number of services designed to facilitate applications to law school and improve legal
education, and it also sponsors research into issues such as minority representation in the
legal profession.
If you’re serious about applying to law school, familiarize yourself with the
LSAC and its offerings because the LSAC will be part of your life for a while. You
can visit the LSAC, register for the LSAT online, and do various other fun
activities at the LSAC’s website, www.lsac.org.
Creating and administering the LSAT
The LSAC administers the LSAT to more than 100,000 people every year. The
organization creates at least eight complete tests every year and constantly works to
develop new questions and refine the LSAT’s accuracy — that’s one reason why you get
to take an extra, unscored section of multiple-choice questions when you take the LSAT.
The LSAC compiles statistics on the number of people that take the tests and the scores
they receive, schedules test dates, fields questions and complaints from test-takers, and
generally makes it possible for many people to apply to law school every year.
Aiding in law school applications
The LSAC also plays a major role in law school applications. When you register for the
LSAT, you can also sign up to participate in the Credential Assembly Service, or CAS, for

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an extra fee. Law schools require you to use the CAS to send your application
documentation.
The CAS streamlines the law school application process by assembling most of the
information needed to apply to law schools and sending it to the schools in one package. A
CAS report includes
Summaries of transcripts from all your undergraduate and graduate schools
LSAT scores and copies of the LSAT writing sample section
Letters of recommendation
The LSAC gets you coming and going. In addition to paying the CAS fee, you need to
purchase a report for each law school on your application list. CAS registration lasts five
years. Almost all the law schools approved by the ABA require that their applicants use
the CAS, which makes your life much easier. Rather than having to assemble all that
information for every school to which you apply, you just give the information to the
LSAC (along with your money), and it takes care of everything. When you apply to a law
school, the school requests the report from the LSAC, the LSAC sends the report, and you
just sit back and wait.
You can register for the CAS on the LSAC website (www.lsac.org) at the same time
that you register for the LSAT. When you do this, you authorize the LSAC to release
information about you to eligible law schools, which means law schools that are interested
in you may contact you.
If you don’t register for the CAS at the same time that you register for the
LSAT, you still must register before you apply to law schools. Do this at least six
weeks before you start applying.
Providing other goods and services
The LSAC does a number of other good deeds for the legal education system:
The Candidate Referral Service allows law schools to search CAS data for students
who match particular profiles (for example, LSAT scores of a certain level,
minorities, women, students from a certain region, and so on) so that they can contact
them and invite them to apply.
Law school forums held in different states give prospective law students an
opportunity to find out more about law school and the legal profession.
The LSAC sells LSAT prep materials and other information; you can buy these
materials on the website. Buying recently administered LSATs is one of the most
useful tools. They come with answers, not explanations, but they’re the real thing
and make great practice tests.
The LSAC also works to increase minority representation in the legal profession.

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Chapter 2
Test-Taking Basics: Setting
Yourself Up for Success
IN THIS CHAPTER
Using certain strategies to maximize your test score
Going about guessing the right way
Preparing yourself for the test the night before and the morning of
Deciding what to do when the test is over
If you’re contemplating law school, you’re almost certainly a veteran of standardized tests.
You know what to expect. Just like the SAT, ACT, GMAT, and GRE, the LSAT is
another morning of eliminating four answers out of five and maintaining your cool under
pressure. You’ve been there, done that. Getting up early, walking into an unfamiliar
testing center, and joining a group of nervous strangers tapping ubiquitous No. 2 pencils is
old hat. You know this drill.
In this chapter, you discover some strategies and considerations specific to the LSAT, as
well as some general test-taking basics, in the hope of making your experience as painless
as possible. You also find out what to do after the test, including considering whether you
need to retake the test.
Planning Your LSAT Test-Taking Tactics
You’ll have an easier time on test day if you consider some strategic matters beforehand.
The following sections provide a few simple strategies to ease your test-taking venture.
You can’t “beat” the LSAT; no one can. These strategies aren’t tricks to
outsmart the test, but they can help you do better.
Maximizing your chances
Some people are naturally good at taking standardized tests. This strength doesn’t mean
they make better law students or better lawyers; they just find these tests easy. Other
people have a harder time. They find tests stressful in general and LSAT questions
especially annoying. Whichever type you are, you can undertake some basic strategies to
help you improve your score and have a more pleasant test-taking experience. (Well,
maybe not as pleasant as a spa visit, but better than a root canal.)

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Here are a few things you can do to maximize your chances of getting a good
score:
Answer every question. The LSAT test-makers don’t penalize you for guessing, so
you’d be crazy not to make sure every number on the answer sheet has a bubble
filled in, even if you don’t have time to read the question that goes with it. See the
section “To Guess or Not to Guess” later in this chapter for more on guessing.
Take your time. You may get better results by answering three-quarters of the test
accurately and then guessing on the last quarter than by racing through the whole
thing too fast to be accurate.
Budget your time. You get 35 minutes for each section. Decide how to spend it.
Allotting each question exactly 1.3 minutes may not be the most effective approach,
but be careful not to get so caught up in the first analytical reasoning problem that
you have only 5 minutes to work the last three.
Don’t worry about answering questions in order. Especially in the analytical
reasoning and reading comprehension sections, some questions may be easier to
answer after you tackle others regarding the same passage or logic game. You don’t
get extra points for answering the questions in the way they’re presented, but you
may earn points by answering them in the order that works best for you.
If you get stuck on a question, forget about it. Move on to another question. (But
be sure to flag the question in case you have time to come back to it.)
Ignore your companions. What they do makes no difference to your score. If you
have a major problem with your surroundings — the stench of cheap perfume from
the woman next to you, the snuffling of the allergy sufferer behind you — speak to
the proctor, but don’t count on getting moved; test centers are often fully booked. If
you’re positive your performance has suffered, you can always cancel your test score
and try again later.
Stay on target. You may get bored, and your mind may want to wander somewhere
more pleasant, but don’t let it. Use visual cues to help yourself stay focused. Point to
questions with your pencil or finger, and underline key words in the questions that
help direct you to the correct answer.
Don’t forget to answer every question!
Taking the straight or the winding road
Should you start with the first question and work every subsequent question until you get
to the last one? Or should you jump around? It’s entirely up to you.
The analytical reasoning and reading comprehension sections are both divided into four
approximately equal parts, and if you want to pick the easiest part first and work your way
to the hardest, by all means do so. Just remember that initial assessments of difficulty are
rarely accurate; a more productive way of choosing your first problem is to pick the

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analytical reasoning problem or reading comprehension passage with the largest number
of questions — that way you maximize the number of questions you actually answer.
Although starting with a reading comprehension passage or analytical
reasoning problem that isn’t the first one in your test is okay, after you pick one,
stick with it until you’re done. Trying to jump between two or three passages or
problems at the same time will likely confuse you.
Skipping around on the logical reasoning sections works too. If your practice reveals that
you’re great at answering questions that ask for the answer that weakens the argument,
tackling all questions of that type first fosters confidence and ensures that you have time to
maximize your strengths.
If you don’t answer questions in order, make sure you mark those you skip
with the tool included in the software, so you know to go back to them when you’re
ready.
Some test-prep experts recommend that if you really can’t finish an analytical
reasoning or a reading comprehension section, you cut your losses and just do your
best on three of the four problems, tackling the scariest at the end if you have time.
Sounds crazy, but this approach actually makes more sense than trying to speed
through all four passages or problems; you maximize your accuracy on the parts
you do instead of doing the whole section too fast and getting half of it wrong. If
you do three-quarters of a section and get all those questions right, you get 75
percent, which is better than finishing the section and getting only half right. Of
course, you should still mark answers for the questions you don’t answer because
there’s no penalty for wrong answers. See “To Guess or Not to Guess” later in this
chapter for more info on guessing.
Taking the occasional break
When you take the LSAT, you spend about three hours staring at a tablet full of questions.
The only break you get comes after Section III, and it only lasts about 10 or 15 minutes —
enough time to dash to the bathroom and wolf down an energy bar. The entire day may
take four hours with the registration business you have to do before and after the test.
So the LSAT is a test of stamina as much as anything else. It’s a long test, and it’s tiring.
That’s why pacing yourself is crucial. When you finish a chunk of test — an analytical
reasoning problem or seemingly endless logical reasoning questions — take a break. Close
your eyes, twist your neck, loosen those tight muscles in your shoulders, breathe, and let
your eyes focus on a distant object. Don’t take more than ten seconds or so, but do take the
break. It helps you more than fretting about how little time you have left.
Have you heard the story about two guys who were cutting wood with axes? They worked
side by side from morning until evening. The first man worked straight through without a

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break, swinging that axe from dawn ’til dusk. The second man sat down and rested for ten
minutes every hour. At the end of the day, the men compared their piles of wood. The man
who rested every hour had a pile much bigger than that of the other man. The first man
asked the second one how he managed that feat, especially because he spent so much of
the day resting. The second man replied, “While I rested, I sharpened my axe.”
Your brain is like that axe. You bring it to the test sharp, but the LSAT is
designed to make it dull. Take those breaks and sharpen (and rest) your brain — the
breaks really help.
To Guess or Not to Guess
When in doubt about the answer to a question, guess. Always guess. The LSAT test-
makers don’t penalize you for wrong answers, so guessing doesn’t hurt, and you always
have the chance that your random pick may be the correct answer. What’s certain is that
you won’t get credit if you don’t answer it at all.
The joy of statistics
How likely is it that you’ll get a question right by random guessing? Not very.
On questions where you have no idea of the correct answer, you have better
luck if you pick a letter and stick to it for all your shots in the dark. Why? Each
answer choice appears at more or less the same frequency. If you answer an entire
test with one letter, you’ll probably get about 20 percent right. You’d get the same
results if the test were in a language you couldn’t read or if you didn’t bother to
read the questions or answers. If you vary your answer choices from question to
question, you just may miss everything.
Is Choice (B) really best?
Many people talk about which letter is statistically most likely to be the right answer.
Many people recommend Choice (B) as the best choice. We conducted a little survey of
some recent LSATs to see how many times each answer choice was correct.
In some sections, Choice (B) was more frequently correct; in others, the winner was
Choice (D). All in all, the percentage that each of the five answer choices was correct
didn’t vary greatly. Based on this information, we can’t come up with any letter that
would always be better than any other, though we’d probably stick with Choice (B) or
Choice (D) if we had to choose.
Increase your odds: Eliminate the duds
A better strategy than random guessing from a pool of five choices is random guessing
from a pool of two or three choices. Your odds of getting a right answer improve if you
can eliminate a wrong answer or two.

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To increase your odds, use a process of elimination to get rid of wrong answers on every
question. Take this step first, unless you get one of those rare questions where the right
answer jumps out at you. Crossing out the wrong answers — crossing them off using the
tablet’s marking tool so they don’t distract you — makes spotting the possible right
answer easier.
Readying Yourself for Battle
All your preparation will be in vain if you don’t get to take the test. And if you don’t feel
calm and collected, you may blow questions that you should get right. So keep in mind the
following checklist to help you before and during test day:
Prepare your 1-gallon maximum zip-lock bag the night before. Make sure you
have your valid identification and several sharpened No. 2 wooden pencils
(mechanical pencils aren’t allowed) and an eraser without a sleeve to work out
problems on the provided scratch paper. You may also include a pencil sharpener, a
20-ounce maximum beverage in a plastic container or juice box (no aluminum cans),
a snack for the break, some tissues, your wallet, car keys, and medical products. All
items must fit in the sealed bag, and no other stuff is allowed. Collect your supplies
the night before so you aren’t frantically trying to find a pencil sharpener the
morning of the test! No need to add to your stress.
Leave prohibited items behind. You can wear a silent analog watch, but digital
watches and all other electronics aren’t allowed, including cell phones and
calculators.
Don’t stress yourself out that evening. The night before the LSAT, if you feel
compelled to study (I know, you can’t help yourself), don’t do a new test. Instead,
review a section you’ve already done and know the answers to, which can reinforce
strategies and boost your confidence.
Get enough sleep the night before the test and several nights before that. Don’t
stay up partying. Definitely don’t stay up studying; you’re not going to discover
anything extra at that point.
Wake up on time. If you live far away from the test center, set your alarm extra
early — or even consider spending the night at a hotel nearby. Staying alert through
the test is hard enough without combating a lack of sleep, too.
Eat breakfast. Your brain functions better if you feed it. Drink coffee if you like to
drink coffee (though not too much — it’s a diuretic, which makes you have to use
the restroom more often). Try to eat something sustaining — protein and whole
grains last longer than a sugary donut. For suggestions, see the nearby sidebar, “The
test-day diet.”
Make sure you know how to get to the testing site. Don’t wait until the morning of
your test to find directions. Take a test drive a day or two before. If you don’t know
exactly where the site is or where to park, call the test center earlier in the week for
complete directions. If you have trouble parking, leave extra early. If you have to
feed a parking meter, bring enough coins.
Get to the center early. Doing so gives you time to get settled in, handle any last-
minute emergencies, and make a last preemptive bathroom stop.
After you finish these steps, you’re ready to take the test!

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