NCE Flashcard Study System: NCE Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020)

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Human Growth and Development© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/nceNational Counselor ExamDefine the following: epigenetic, cephalocaudal, in vivodesensitization, instinctual, ethology, psychometrics, andpsychopharmacology.

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Human Growth and DevelopmentEpigenetictheory states that an individual is formed by successivedevelopment of an unstructured egg rather than by the growth of apreformed entity. Kohlberg, Erikson and Maslow used epigeneticprinciples in developing their theories of human development.Cephalocaudalmeans from head to tail and can be used to refer to thehead of a fetus developing before the legs.In vivo desensitizationis a behavior therapy technique in which aperson is gradually exposed to something he fears.Instinctualis an adjective derived from instinct and refers to behaviorthat is innate rather than learned.Ethologyis the study of animals in their natural environment and makesuse of Darwinian theory. Ethology research findings can be applied tohumans as “comparative psychology.”Psychometricsis the design, administration and interpretation of teststhat measure intelligence, aptitude and personality characteristics.Psychopharmacologyis the study of the effects of drugs onpsychological functions.

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Human Growth and Development© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/nceNational Counselor ExamDefine the following: empiricists, organicism, andpsychodiagnostics.

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Human Growth and DevelopmentEmpiricistsmaintain that experience is the only source of knowledge.The doctrine of empiricism was formulated by John Locke and is theforerunner of behaviorism.Organicismis the theory that the total organization of an organism isthe determinant of life processes. The Gestalt psychologists, such as KurtGoldstein, subscribe to this theory.Psychodiagnosticsare a type of testing that assesses how a patient’sthinking and emotions may affect his or her behavior.

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Human Growth and Development© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/nceNational Counselor ExamDiscuss the difference between intelligence and emotionalintelligence.

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Human Growth and DevelopmentA dictionary definition ofintelligenceis “the capacity to acquire andapply knowledge.” It can also be thought of as the ability to reason, thinkin abstract terms, and understand abstract ideas, make complex plans,and acquire language and knowledge. Piaget’s definition specifiedadaptive thinking or action. Intelligence is not determined solely bygenetics; it also involves a person’s environment, experiences, andculture. A major criticism of intelligence testing is that it is oftenculturally biased and measures things some people have not had theopportunity to learn.Emotional intelligenceaccording to Daniel Goleman is self-motivation,self-awareness, empathy, social awareness, and persistence. Theemotionally intelligent person also has strong interpersonal skills.

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Human Growth and Development© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/nceNational Counselor ExamDiscuss the following: nature vs. nurture, genotype vs.phenotype, tabula rasa, plasticity, and resiliency.

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Human Growth and DevelopmentNature vs. nurtureis the question of whether a person is moreinfluenced by nature (genetic and hereditary traits) or by nurture(learning from parents and others in his environmental and socialsetting.)Genotypeis the genetic makeup of an organism.Phenotypeis the physical or biochemical characteristics determined bygenetics and the environment of an organism.Tabula rasais John Locke’s philosophy that a child is born with anunformed mind that develops through experience. This is sometimesreferred to as a “blank slate.”Plasticityis the smooth transition of a person from one stage ofdevelopment to the next.Resiliencyis the ability of a person to deal successfully with adverseconditions and adapt effectively.

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Human Growth and Development© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/nceNational Counselor ExamDescribe Erikson’s 8 stages of development.Visitmometrix.com/academyfor a related video.Enter video code: 112169

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Human Growth and DevelopmentErik Erikson described human development as eight stages ofpsychosocial development. According to him each stage involves apsychosocialcrisis, which must be resolved before the person cansuccessfully move on to the next stage. The stages are:1.Infancy or Trust vs. Mistrust (Hope) – the period from birth to 1 or1 ½ years.2.Toddler or Autonomy vs. Shame (Will) – from 1 to 2 years of age.3.Preschooler or Initiative vs. Guilt (Purpose) – from 2 to 6 years ofage.4.School Age or Industry vs. Inferiority (Competence) – from 6 to 12years of age.5.Adolescence or Identity vs. Diffusion (Fidelity) – from 12 (orpuberty) to 18 years of age.6.Young Adulthood or Intimacy vs. Isolation (Love) – from 19 to 40years of age.7.Middle Adulthood or Generativity vs. Self-absorption/Stagnation(Care) – from 40 to 65.8.Late Adulthood or Integrity vs. Despair (Wisdom) – from age 65till death.

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Human Growth and Development© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/nceNational Counselor ExamList the broad categories used to categorize the theories ofhuman development and how growth and developmentchanges are viewed.

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Human Growth and DevelopmentThe categories of human development are:learning,which includesbehavioral, social learning and information-processing theories;cognitive,which is concerned with obtaining knowledge;psychoanalytic,whichisthe method of investigating psychologicalphenomena developed by Freud; andhumanistic,which explainsdevelopment through reasoning and the scientific method.Human growth and development changes are viewed asqualitative,which involves a change in structure such as sexual development;quantitative, in which measurable changes occur such as in intellectualdevelopment;continuous, which denotes sequential changes thatcannot be segmented, for example personality development;discontinuous,whichare changes in abilities and behaviors such aslanguage that develop in stages;mechanistic,which places behaviors incommon groups, such as instinctual or reflexive; andorganismic, inwhich new stages of development use cognition and includes moral andethical development.

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Human Growth and Development© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/nceNational Counselor ExamDescribe the basic precepts of the psychoanalytic andpsychosexual development theory.Visitmometrix.com/academyfor related videos.Enter video codes: 162594 and 473747

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Human Growth and DevelopmentBased on the work of Sigmund Freud, thepsychoanalytic theorypostulates that all humans have instincts to satisfy their needs for food,shelter, and warmth. Satisfaction of these instincts produces pleasureand leads to the development of sexual drives. The two basic drives aresex and aggressionorlifeand death. Freud divided humandevelopment into five stages: birth to 18 months, he designated asoral;2 to 3 years,anal; 3 to 5 years,phallic; 6 years to puberty,latency; andpuberty to adulthood he calledgenital. Incomplete development at anystage he calledfixation. The stages are based on his belief that the childfocuses on different areas of the body in each stage. These areas areknown aserogenous zonesand include the mouth, anus, and genitals.Psychological defenses that help a person control or prevent undesirableor inappropriate emotions or behaviors include denial, repression,suppression, projection, displacement, rationalization, reactionformation, regression, and sublimation. Castration anxiety and penisenvy are psychological factors that can impact the personality. Othertheories include thepleasure principleand thereality principle.

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