Solution Manual For Laboratory Experiments for Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, 8th Edition

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Experiment 1This may be a student’s first experience in the laboratory. Therefore, the instructor shoulddemonstrate all the techniques used in this laboratory. Show how a Bunsen burner is lit, with amatch or a gas striker, and how the flame is adjusted by control of the gas valve and air vents.This is a relatively simple laboratory for students to work. Most of the commonequipment used in the laboratory are introduced here. For many this might be the first time someof the glassware will be encountered. For the instructor, patience is in order since the lack offamiliarity of the student with the laboratory ware often creates problems. Take the graduatedcylinder, for example. Since it is tall, it is easily knocked over, and although laboratoryglassware is reasonably durable, it will shatter and could cause severe cuts. Remind students notto pick up broken glass with the fingers but to use the dustpan and brush. Broken glass should bediscarded in a waste container specifically for glass.While there is little danger in this laboratory of eye damage, nevertheless, it is essentialthat the rules of the laboratory be followed:safety glasses are to be worn at all times in thelaboratory.The thermometers in this laboratory are made of glass and must be handled properly. Athermometer is not a stirring rod and must not be used as such. If a student wants to bring thefluid level in the thermometer down, remind him/her to use cold water from the tap. Thelaboratory thermometer is not a clinical thermometer and does not require that it be shakendown! Waving the thermometer usually results in it hitting a bench top and breaking. Some ofthese thermometers contain mercury; the breakage of a thermometer with resultant spillage ofmercury must be cleaned up quickly. Mercury is toxic, especially as a vapor. The instructorshould be notified immediately for proper clean up. No mercury should be left freely aboutanywhere. Mercury can be collected with commercial collectors or by a homemade suctionapparatus. Connect a side-arm suction filter flask to a water aspirator. The flask is fitted with aone-hole rubber stopper with a small section of glass tubing inserted into the hole. Rubber tubingconnects the glass tube to a Pasteur pipet. When the water is turned on, the spheres of mercurywill be sucked into the pipet and then into the suction flask. The recovered mercury can be storedunder water.Balances should be handled with care; electronic top-loading balances are sensitive andlose calibration easily. Demonstrate proper use of the balance. Emphasize that no chemicalshould be weighed directly on the pan; use either weighing paper or a suitable container. Alsohot objects should not be put on the pan. Proper care requires that all weights be returned to zero.The difference between precision and accuracy can be easily demonstrated. Use twobalances, one that has been zeroed and calibrated, a second not zeroed and uncalibrated.Repeated weighings of the same object of known weight on the two balances will show highprecision (high reproducibility in the clustering of the weights) for each of the two balances butnot the same accuracy (agreement with the known weight).

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