Test Bank For Humanities, The: Culture, Continuity, and Change, Volume 1, 4th Edition

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Test BankForThe HumanitiesCulture, Continuity & ChangeFourth EditionVolume 1Henry M. SayrePrepared byAlexis P. Walker

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iiiTable of Contents1The Rise of Culture: From Forest to Farm12Mesopotamia: Power and Social Order in the Early Middle East403The Stability of Ancient Egypt: Flood and Sun864The Aegean World and the Rise of Greece: Trade, War, and Victory1335Golden Age Athens and the Hellenistic World: The School of Hellas1716Rome: Urban Life and Imperial Majesty2137Emerging Empires in the East: Urban Life and Imperial Majestyin China and India2498The Flowering of Christianity: Faith and the Power of Beliefin the Early First Millennium2859The Rise and Spread of Islam: A New Religion33510Fiefdom and Monastery, Pilgrimage and Crusade:The Early Medieval World in Europe37611Centers of Culture: Court and City in the Larger World41512The Gothic Style: Faith and Knowledge in an Age of Inquiry46813Siena and Florence in the Fourteenth Century: Toward a New Humanism50614Florence and the Early Renaissance: Humanism in Italy54315The High Renaissance in Rome and Venice: Papal Patronage and Civic Pride58616The Renaissance in the North: Between Wealth and Want62417The Reformation: A New Church and the Arts66918Encounter and Confrontation: The Impact of Increasing Global Interaction71619England in the Tudor Age: “This Other Eden”76120The Early Counter-Reformation and Mannerism: Restraint and Invention799

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1Chapter 1The Rise of Culture:From Forest to FarmMultiple-Choice Questions1. What is one important lesson scientists learned from the fate of the paintings in Lascaux Cave?a.Support for the preservation of cultural sites can only come through skillful public relations.b.Government should not get involved in efforts to preserve cultural sites.c.Public attention is always detrimental to research on cultural sites.d.Excessive public enthusiasm for new discoveries can inadvertently endanger cultural sites.Answer: dLearning Objective: 1.1 Discuss the ways in which cave art and small sculptural figurines in thePaleolithic era have been interpreted.Topic: Chapter IntroductionDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It2. Which of the following would commonly be considered an element ofa group’sculture?a.cave paintingsb.success in warfarec.longevityd.geographical originsAnswer: aLearning Objective: 1.1 Discuss the ways in which cave art and small sculptural figurines in thePaleolithic era have been interpreted.Topic: The Beginnings of Culture in the Paleolithic EraDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It3. Some scholars believe that Paleolithic cave paintings were intended toa.serve as illustrations of effective hunting techniques.b.function as lunar calendars, predicting seasonal migration of the animals.c.pay tribute to successful hunters.d.commemorate the dead buried in the caves.Answer: bLearning Objective: 1.1 Discuss the ways in which cave art and small sculptural figurines in thePaleolithic era have been interpreted.Topic: Agency and Ritual: Cave ArtDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Remember the Facts

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24. What is significant about the use of illusionism in the Chauvet cave paintings?a.It represents a linear progression in artistic technique.b.It suggests that artists in earlier eras could choose whether to employ naturalism.c.It demonstrates an adherence to specific religious values.d.It implies a belief in the pragmatic value of art.Answer: bLearning Objective: 1.1 Discuss the ways in which cave art and small sculptural figurines in thePaleolithic era have been interpreted.Topic: Agency and Ritual: Cave ArtDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts5. Among prehistoric paintings, what is distinctive about the painting of a bird-headed man, a bison,and a rhinoceros in Lascaux Cave?a.It includes a representation of a large animal.b.It is one of the few cave paintings to depict a human.c.It is painted on limestone.d.It demonstrates a rejection of naturalistic representation.Answer: bLearning Objective: 1.1 Discuss the ways in which cave art and small sculptural figurines in thePaleolithic era have been interpreted.Topic: Agency and Ritual: Cave ArtDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Remember the Facts6. What is one explanation scholars have proposed for the fact that the human figure in the wallpainting in Lascaux Cave is depicted less naturalistically than are the animals?a.In the view of the artists, animals and humans belonged to separate spheres of being.b.Naturalistic depictions of humans were taboo.c.Animals were more interesting artistically than humans.d.Artists had not yet mastered naturalistic techniques that could be applied to the human form.Answer: aLearning Objective: 1.1 Discuss the ways in which cave art and small sculptural figurines in thePaleolithic era have been interpreted.Topic: Agency and Ritual: Cave ArtDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It7. What is one significantculturaldifference betweenHomo sapiensand earlier hominids?a.Homo sapiensused stone tools.b.Homo sapienshad lighter skeletal frames and larger brains.c.Homo sapienscreated musical instruments.d.Homo sapienswere hunter-gatherers.Answer: cLearning Objective: 1.1 Discuss the ways in which cave art and small sculptural figurines in thePaleolithic era have been interpreted.Topic: Paleolithic Culture and Its ArtifactsDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It

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38. Why is a likely reason that Paleolithic female figurines vastly outnumber those representing males?a.Males were likely the carvers.b.Males probably outnumbered females in the society.c.Females seem to have played a central role in the culture.d.All prehistoric gods were female.Answer: cLearning Objective: 1.1 Discuss the ways in which cave art and small sculptural figurines in thePaleolithic era have been interpreted.Topic: Paleolithic Culture and Its ArtifactsDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Remember the Facts9. The original red color ofWoman(sometimes calledVenus of Willendorf) is suggestive ofa.blood sacrifice.b.menses.c.autumn.d.shamanism.Answer: bLearning Objective: 1.1 Discuss the ways in which cave art and small sculptural figurines in thePaleolithic era have been interpreted.Topic: Paleolithic Culture and Its ArtifactsDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Remember the Facts10. Which of the following are key features of acivilization?a.religion and ritualb.irrigation and agriculturec.hunting and gatheringd.images and written languageAnswer: dLearning Objective: 1.2 Explain how the art and architecture of the Neolithic era reflect changingcultural concerns.Topic: The Rise of Agriculture and Community in the Neolithic EraDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts11.Implying a community’s sense of historical continuity, what was buried beneath some of theNeolithic houses at Çatalhöyük?a.human bodies and skullsb.female figurinesc.cows’ skulls and bulls’ hornsd.large terra cotta headsAnswer: aLearning Objective: 1.2 Explain how the art and architecture of the Neolithic era reflect changingcultural concerns.Topic: Neolithic CommunitiesDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Remember the Facts

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412. Why did the Neolithic era witness increased production of pottery for everyday use?a.Permanent settlements fostered the growth of artistic creativity.b.Tending crops introduced dwellers to the uses of clay.c.Neolithic people had learned to control fire for hardening pottery.d.Pottery was impractical for Paleolithic hunter-gatherers.Answer: dLearning Objective: 1.2 Explain how the art and architecture of the Neolithic era reflect changingcultural concerns.Topic: Neolithic Pottery Across CulturesDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts13. What is most notable about the shift from early to Middle Jomon period pottery?a.Middle Jomon period pottery employed advanced firing techniques.b.Middle Jomon period pottery used cord to strengthen the clay.c.Middle Jomon period pottery introduced decorative flamelike rims that serve no practicalpurpose.d.Middle Jomon period pottery was used for preparing food as well as carrying and storing it.Answer: cLearning Objective: 1.2 Explain how the art and architecture of the Neolithic era reflect changingcultural concerns.Topic: Neolithic Pottery Across CulturesDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It14. Whyis the potter’s wheelconsidered one of the first mechanical and technological breakthroughsin history?a.It allowed artisans to produce greater quantities of uniformly shaped vessels in short periodsof time.b.It provided an alternative to creating vessels by casting metal.c.It enabled clay to be fired to a hot enough temperature to be hardened.d.It created an adequately smooth surface for pots to be painted.Answer: aLearning Objective: 1.2 Explain how the art and architecture of the Neolithic era reflect changingcultural concerns.Topic: Neolithic Pottery Across CulturesDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts15. Neolithic Nok heads exhibit artistry based ona.animal imagery.b.burial masks.c.woven patterns.d.abstract geometrical shapes.Answer: dLearning Objective: 1.2 Explain how the art and architecture of the Neolithic era reflect changingcultural concerns.Topic: Neolithic Ceramic FiguresDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts

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516. What is the most basic architectural technique for spanning space?a.post-and-lintelb.corbelc.cromlechd.menhirAnswer: aLearning Objective: 1.2 Explain how the art and architecture of the Neolithic era reflect changingcultural concerns.Topic: Materials & Techniques: Post-and-Lintel and Corbel ConstructionDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts17. According to the most recent discoveries, Stonehenge was constructed as aa.sacrificial altar.b.royal residence.c.burial ground.d.marketplace.Answer: cLearning Objective: 1.2 Explain how the art and architecture of the Neolithic era reflect changingcultural concerns.Topic: Closer Look: The Design and Making of StonehengeDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts18. What is one key purpose of myth in prehistoric culture?a.to commemorate historical eventsb.to entertain audiencesc.to explain natural phenomenad.to disguise harsh realitiesAnswer: cLearning Objective: 1.3 Understand the function of myth in prehistoric culture.Topic: The Role of Myth in Cultural LifeDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts19. In their construction methods, the Anasazi cliff dwellings at Mesa Verde most closely resemblea.Neolithic cities like Ain Ghazal.b.Olmec cities like La Venta.c.Neolithic megaliths like Stonehenge.d.Neolithic villages like Skara Brae.Answer: aLearning Objective: 1.3 Understand the function of myth in prehistoric culture.Topic: Myth in the Native American Cultures of the SouthwestDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts

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620. In Zuni emergence tales, the Pueblo people are shown as originating froma.clay mounds formed by Himura, the potter goddess.b.the womb of Mother Earth.c.tears falling from the SunFather’s eyes.d.the Spruce Tree House.Answer: bLearning Objective: 1.3 Understand the function of myth in prehistoric culture.Topic: Myth in the Native American Cultures of the SouthwestDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts21. Japanese emperors claimed divinity asa.heads of the Shinto religion.b.direct descendants of the sun goddess.c.authors of theKojiki.d.manifestations of futurekami.Answer: bLearning Objective: 1.3 Understand the function of myth in prehistoric culture.Topic: Japan and the Role of Myth in the Shinto ReligionDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts22. The Shinto main sanctuary at Ise is built of wood toa.demonstrate reverence for the natural world and tradition.b.avoid the cost of stone.c.deter thekami.d.effectively insulate against a cold climate.Answer: aLearning Objective: 1.3 Understand the function of myth in prehistoric culture.Topic: Japan and the Role of Myth in the Shinto ReligionDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Understand the Concepts23. The Shinto religion considers trees, rocks, clay, and other elements of nature as manifestations ofthea.kojiki.b.kami.c.matsuri.d.shoden.Answer: bLearning Objective: 1.3 Understand the function of myth in prehistoric culture.Topic: Japan and the Role of Myth in the Shinto ReligionDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Understand the Concepts

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724. In Paleolithic times, communication with the spiritual world is thought to have been largelyconducted ina.groves.b.semi-permanent huts.c.river valleys.d.caves.Answer: dLearning Objective: 1.4 Describe the role of sacred sites in prehistoric culture.Topic: Sacred Sites: The Example of the AmericasDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts25. What structures topped the great earthen platforms on which the Olmec people built their cities?a.giant pyramidal moundsb.obsidian mirrorsc.ball courtsd.calendars carved in stone.Answer: aLearning Objective: 1.4 Describe the role of sacred sites in prehistoric culture.Topic: The OlmecDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts26.Why might the Olmec have carved their leaders’ heads in colossal size?a.to intimidate potential attackers away from their sacred sitesb.to show the leaders as larger than life and connected to the godsc.to provide supports for their sacred sites’ roofsd.to serve as markers for the leaders’ gravesAnswer: bLearning Objective: 1.4 Describe the role of sacred sites in prehistoric culture.Topic: The OlmecDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts27.What do the Hopewell culture’s elaborate burialsindicate about their culture?a.They considered bear teeth sacred.b.They created beautiful works of pottery.c.They believed in reincarnation of the dead.d.They maintained an extensive trade network.Answer: dLearning Objective: 1.4 Describe the role of sacred sites in prehistoric culture.Topic: The Mound BuildersDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts

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828. Which of the following elements of the Great Serpent Mound was commonly employed by theMississippian culture?a.a spiral shapeb.an alignment with the sun at the equinoxesc.an exclusion of burial sitesd.anoval enclosure at its “head”Answer: aLearning Objective: 1.4 Describe the role of sacred sites in prehistoric culture.Topic: The Mound BuildersDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts29. With what astronomical event might the Great Serpent Mound be associated?a.the summer solsticeb.Halley’s Cometc.a solar eclipsed.alignment of the planetsAnswer: bLearning Objective: 1.4 Describe the role of sacred sites in prehistoric culture.Topic: The Mound BuildersDifficulty Level: EasySkill Level: Remember the Facts30. What is one key similarity between the painting of a horse from Chauvet Cave and SusanRothenberg’s drawing of a horse inUntitled(1978)?a.Both works use similar pigmentation.b.Both works use foreshortening for effect.c.Both works employ realism.d.Both worksemphasize animals’ power and vulnerability.Answer: dLearning Objective: 1.1 Discuss the ways in which cave art and small sculptural figurines in thePaleolithic era have been interpreted.Topic: Continuity & Change: Representing the Power of the Animal WorldDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It

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9Essay Questions31. Discuss the implications of the discovery of Chauvet Cave’snaturalistic depictions of animals.Answer: The ideal response would include the following:1.Before the discovery of Chauvet, historians divided the history of cave painting into a seriesof successive styles, each progressively more realistic. But Chauvet’s paintings, by far theoldest known, are also the most advanced in their visual naturalism.2.Art historians now tend to agree that, even from the earliest times, human beings chose torepresent the world naturalistically or not, with the choice representing not lack of skill orsophistication but expressive intent or cultural values.3.This upsetting of earlier assumptions about linear progression in sophistication suggests thatwe question our assumptions when we are inclined to equate earlier cultures with moreprimitive values and skills.Learning Objective: 1.1 Discuss the ways in which cave art and small sculptural figurines in thePaleolithic era have been interpreted.Topic: Agency and Ritual: Cave ArtDifficulty Level: DifficultSkill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It32. Discuss the possible cultural significance ofWoman(sometimes calledVenus of Willendorf).Answer: The ideal response would include the following:1.Like other, similar statuettes,Womanmay have had a ritual purpose. Its exaggerated breastsand belly and clearly delineated genitals support a connection to fertility and childbearing.The statuette was originally painted in red ocher, suggestive of menses.2.According to archaeologist Clive Gamble, such figures might have served as a form ofnonverbal communication among groups, serving as signs of the friendly intent of thehunters bearing them.3.The fact that female figurines vastly outnumber males in the Paleolithic era suggests thatwomen played a central role in Paleolithic culture. In fact, Paleolithic culture may have beenmatrilineal (in which descent is determined through the female line) and matrilocal (inwhich residence is in the female’stribe or household).Learning Objective: 1.1 Discuss the ways in which cave art and small sculptural figurines in thePaleolithic era have been interpreted.Topic: Paleolithic Culture and Its ArtifactsDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts

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1033. Describe the picture of Paleolithic daily life provided by artifacts used for such activities ashunting and transportation.Answer: The ideal response would include the following:1.From 10,000 to 8000 BCE, the ice covering the Northern Hemisphere receded, and, astemperatures warmed, areas once covered by ice and snow developed into grassy plains andforests. Hunters accordingly developed the bow and arrow (suited for long-distance in thenew landscape) and fashioned dugout boats out of logs to facilitate fishing, which became amajor food source. They also domesticated dogs to help with the hunt and soon otheranimals as well—particularly goats and cattle.2.Perhaps most important, people began to cultivate edible grasses, and, gradually, farmingreplaced hunting as the primary means of sustaining life. The great rivers of the Middle Eastand Asia provided a consistent source of water, and people soon developed irrigationtechniques that fostered agriculture and animal husbandry.3.As production outgrew necessity, members of the community were freed to occupythemselves in other endeavors—complex food preparation (bread, cheese, and so on),construction, military affairs, and religion.Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain how the art and architecture of the Neolithic era reflectchanging cultural concerns.Topic: The Rise of Agriculture and Community in the Neolithic Era; Neolithic CommunitiesDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts34. Discuss the evolving interpretation of the significance of the female figurinesdiscovered atÇatalhöyük, Turkey, as represented by Ian Hodder’s revision of Sir James Mellaart’s original thesis.Answer: The ideal response would include the following:1.Following his excavations in 1958, Sir James Mellaart concluded that Çatalhöyük’sculturewas matrilineal, based on his discovery of a number of female figurines, including the terracotta sculpture of a woman seated between two felines. Mellaart believed that this figure,which he found in a grain bin, represented a fertility or mother goddess.2.However, Ian Hodder of Cambridge University, who took up excavations of the site in 1993,concluded in 2005 that she is something other than a fertility goddess, stressing the imageryin the back part of the statuette suggesting death (very thin arms, a depiction of a skeletalfigure, and prominent bony structures). In Hodder’s view, the female figure is less clearlyconnected to fertility than it is, perhaps, to the relationship between life and death.Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain how the art and architecture of the Neolithic era reflect changingcultural concerns.Topic: Neolithic CommunitiesDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts

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1135. Draw an analogy between the development of pottery making in Neolithic cultures and thedevelopment of a modern technology in contemporary culture.Answer: The ideal response would include the following:1.The transition from cultures based on hunting and fishing to cultures based on agriculture ledto the increased use of pottery vessels. Ceramic vessels are fragile, so hunter-gatherers wouldnot have found them practical for carrying food, but people living in the more permanentNeolithic settlements used them to carry and store water and to prepare and store certaintypes of food.2.By around 3000 BCE, Egypt, the Middle East, and China had begun usingpotter’s wheels,which allowed artisans to produce uniformly shaped vessels in a very short time. Manyconsider these practices to be the first forms of manufacturing. The move towardmanufacturing was encouraged by the usefulness of the vessels in an agrarian society, andimprovements in the technology were fostered by that society’s greater prosperity.3.The two-way relationship between broader changes in the culture and the artifacts the cultureproduced can be seen in the development of many modern technologies, including digitaltechnologies, which facilitate global communication and cooperation and are at the same timerapidly improved through this communication and cooperation.Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain how the art and architecture of the Neolithic era reflect changingcultural concerns.Topic: Neolithic Pottery Across CulturesDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It

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1236. Discuss the possible significance of the Neolithic megaliths in northern Europe, including Carnacand Stonehenge.Answer: The ideal response would include the following:1.Carnac’seast–west alignment suggests a connection to the rising and setting of the sun and tofertility rites. Some scholars speculate that the stones may have marked out a ritualprocession route; others think they symbolized the body and the process of growth andmaturation. The megaliths might also have stood in tribute to the strength of the leadersresponsible for assembling them.2.Stonehenge was a burial ground. Archaeologist Mike Parker-Pearson speculates that villagerswould have transported their dead to the River Avon, then journeyed downstream, in a ritualsymbolizing the passage to the afterlife, finally arriving at an avenue leading up toStonehenge from the river.3.Durrington Walls, about 2 miles north of Stonehenge, consists of a circular ditch surroundinga ring of very large timber posts. The circle was the center of a village consisting of as manyas 300 houses. Its orientation toward the rising sun at the summer solstice suggests that thestructure was a sign of the growing importance of agricultural production in northern Europeafter 3500 BCE.4.The complexity of all of the sites suggests that the late Neolithic peoples who built them wereextremely social beings, capable of great cooperation.Learning Objective: 1.2 Explain how the art and architecture of the Neolithic era reflect changingcultural concerns.Topic: The Neolithic Megaliths of Northern Europe; Closer Look: The Design and Making ofStonehengeDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Understand the Concepts

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1337.Think of a myth not covered in the chapter with which you’re familiar, retell it, and consider whatthis myth reveals about the culture from which it comes.Answer: The ideal response would include the following:1.Examples of a myth not included in the chapter are common Greek or world myths,contemporary urban legends, or narratives (e.g., the American Dream) that one mightconsider revealing but not necessarily “true.”2.Student should analyze his or hermyth’s relationship to the culture from which it comes,explaining what “unknowns” it attempts to resolve and what cultural values it expresses.Learning Objective: 1.3 Understand the function of myth in prehistoric culture.Topic: The Role of Myth in Cultural LifeDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It38. Zuni Pueblo religion shares much in common with the Japanese religion of Shinto. Compare eachreligion’s origin mythsand their beliefs about the gods and nature.Answer: The ideal response would include the following:1.Most Pueblo people believe that they originated in the womb of Mother Earth and, like seedssprouting from the soil in the springtime, were called into the daylight by their Sun Father.2.At the heart of Zuni emergence tales is a moment when, to the dismay of their parents, manychildren are transformed into water-creatures—turtles, frogs, and the like. Here they becomekachinasorkatcinas,deified spirits. The Pueblo believe that kachina spirits manifestthemselves in performance and dance.3.Pueblo emergence tales, and the ritual practices that accompany them, reflect the generalbeliefs of most Neolithic peoples. These include the following:•The belief that the forces of nature are inhabited by living spirits (animism)•Thebelief that nature’s behavior can be compared to humanbehavior (anthropomorphism)•The belief that humans can communicate with the spirits of nature, and that, in return for asacrificial offering or a prayer, the gods might intercede on their behalf4.Shinto shares much with Pueblo religions. In Shinto, trees, rocks, water, and mountains—especially Mount Fuji, the volcano just outside Tokyo which is said to look over the countryas its protector—are all manifestations of thekami, which, like kachinas, are the spirits thatare embodied in the natural world. Thekamiare revered inmatsuri, festivals that usuallyoccur on an annual basis in which, it is believed, past and present merge into one, everydayreality fades away, and people come face to face with their gods. During the festival, peoplepartake of the original energies of the cosmos, which they will need to restore order to theirworld. Offerings such as fish, rice, and vegetables, as well as music and dancing, arepresented to thekami, and the offerings of food are later eaten.Learning Objective: 1.3 Understand the function of myth in prehistoric culture.Topic: Myth in the Native American Cultures of the Southwest; Japan and the Role of Myth inthe Shinto ReligionDifficulty Level: ModerateSkill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It

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