Test Bank for Polit & Beck Canadian Essentials of Nursing Research, 4th Edition (Chapters 1-18)

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction to Nursing Research in an Evi dence-Based Practice Environment
Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Evidence-Based Nursing Practice
Chapter 3. Key Concepts and Steps in Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Chapter 4. Reading and Critiquing Research Articles
Chapter 5. Ethics in Research
Chapter 6. Research Problems, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
Chapter 7. Finding and Reviewing Research Evidence in the Literature
Chapter 8. Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks
Chapter 9. Quantitative Research Design
Chapter 10. Sampling and Data Collection in Quantitative Studies
Chapter 11. Qualitative Designs and Approaches
Chapter 12. Sampling and Data Collection in Qualitative Studies
Chapter 13. Mixed Methods and Other Special Types of Research
Chapter 14. Statistical Analysis of Quantitative Data
Chapter 15. Interpretation and Clinical Significance in Quantitative Research
Chapter 16. Analysis of Qualitative Data
Chapter 17. Trustworthiness and Integrity in Qualitative Research
Chapter 18. Systematic Reviews: Meta-Analysis and Metasynthesis

Polit & Beck Canadian
Essentials of Nursing
Research 4th Edition Woo
Test Bank 2024/2025
ANSWERS
Chapter 1. Introduction to Nursing Research in an Evidence-Based Practice Environment
1. What is the highest priority for the importance
of research in the nursing profession?
A) Research findings provide evidence for
informing nurses' decisions and actions.
B) Conduct research to better understand the
context of nursing practice.
C) Document the role that nurses serve in
society.
D) Establish nursing research areas of study.
2. Which group would be best served by clinical
nursing research?
A) Nursing administrators
B) Practicing nurses
C) Nurses' clients
D) Healthcare policymakers
3. In the United States, in what area does
research play an important role in nursing?
A) Chronic illness
B) Credentialing and status
C) Nurses' personalities
D) Nurses' education

4. What is the role of a consumer of nursing
research?
A) Read research reports for relevant findings.
B) Participate in generating evidence by doing
research.
C) Participate in journal club in a practice
setting.
D) Solve clinical problems and make clinical
decisions.
5. What was the concern of most nursing studies
in the early 1900s?
A) Client satisfaction
B) Clinical problems
C) Health promotion
D) Nursing education
6.
Which topic most closely conforms to the
priorities that have been suggested for future
nursing research?
A) Attitudes of nursing students toward smoking.
B) Promotion of excellence in nursing science.
C) Nursing staff morale and turnover.
D) Number of doctorate prepared nurses in
various clinical specialties.
7. What is the process of deductive reasoning?
A) Verifying assumptions that are part of our
heritage.
B) Developing specific predictions from general
principles.
C) Empirically testing observations that are made
known through our senses.
D) Forming generalizations from specific
observations.
8. What is the ontological assumption of those
espousing a naturalistic paradigm?
A) Objective reality and those natural
phenomena are regular and orderly.

B) Phenomena are not haphazard and result from
prior causes.
C) Reality is multiply constructed and multiply
interpreted by humans.
D) Reality is not fixed, but is rather a
construction of human minds.
9. What is the epistemological assumption of
those espousing a positivist paradigm?
A) The researcher is objective and independent
of those being studied.
B) Phenomena are not haphazard, but rather have
antecedent causes.
C) The researcher instructs those being studied to
be objective in providing information.
D) Reality is not fixed, but is rather a
construction of human minds.
10. Which is not a characteristic of traditional
scientific method?
A) Control over external factors.
B) Systematic measurement and observation of
natural phenomena.
C) Deductive reasoning.
D) Emphasis on a holistic view of a
phenomenon, studied in a rich context.
11. What is empiricism?
A) Making generalizations from specific
observations.
B) Deducing specific predictions from
generalizations.
C) Gathering evidence rooted in reality.
D) Verifying the assumptions on which the study
was based.
12. What is a hallmark of the scientific method?
A) Infallible
B) Holistic
C) Systematic
D) Flexible

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13.
Which of the following limits the power of
the scientific method to answer questions
about human life?
A) The necessity of departing from traditional
beliefs.
B) The difficulty of accurately measuring
complex human traits.
C) The inability to control potential biases.
D) The shortage of theories about human
behavior.
14. What is a criticism of the scientific method?
A) Deductive
B) Deterministic
C) Empirical
D) Reductionist
15. What is involved in naturalistic qualitative
research?
A) Involves deductive processes
B) Takes places in the field.
C) Focuses on the idiosyncrasies of those being
studied.
D)
Attempts to control the research context to
better understand the phenomenon being
studied.
16.
A researcher wants to investigate the effect of
patients' body position on blood pressure.
This is an example of what type of study?
A) Qualitative
B) Constructivist inquiry
C) Quantitative
D) Researcher preference of either quantitative or
qualitative
17.
A researcher is studying the effect of massage
on the alleviation of pain in cancer patients.
This is an example of what type of study?
A) Descriptive

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19. What is the continuum of participation on
research?
A) Academics to practitioners
B) Consumers to producers
C) Journalists to educators
D) Mentors to novice nurses
20. What is the goal of explanatory research?
A)
Understand the underpinnings of natural
phenomena and to explain systematic
relationships among them.
B)
Begins with the phenomenon of interest, but
rather than simply observing and describing
it, exploratory research investigates the full
nature of the phenomenon, the manner in
which it is manifested, and the other factors to
which it is related.
C) Study phenomena about which little is known.
D) Make predictions and to control phenomena
based on research findings.
Answer Key
1. A
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. D
11. C
12. C
13. B
14. D
15. B
16. B
17. C

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18. D
19. B
20. A
Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Evidence-Based Nursing Practice
1.
Research utilization begins with empirical
findings for consideration in practice settings.
Where does evidence-based practice begin?
A) Integration of clinical judgments with
research evidence
B) A desire to abandon decisions based on
custom and authority opinion
C) A search for the best possible information for
addressing a clinical problem
D) A critique of existing practices
2. What is indirect research utilization?
A) Involves changes in nurses' thinking
B) Involves the direct use of findings in giving
patient care
C) Involves use of findings to persuade others
D) Involves changes in patient thinking toward
nurses
3.
The student nurse is constructing a
presentation on evidence-based practice.
Which statement should be included in the
introduction about evidence-based practice?
A) Conscientious integration of current best
evidence with clinical expertise
B) Utilization of nursing preferences in making
clinical decisions
C) Theoretical problem-solving strategy
D) Emphasis on decision making based on
custom
4.
Evidence-based practice typically involves
weighing various types of evidence in an
effort to determine best evidence. Most
evidence hierarchies put which systematic
review at the pinnacle?
A) Randomized controlled trials

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B) Program evaluations
C) Clinical practice guidelines
D) Meta-analyses of multiple clinical trials
5.
The terms research utilization and evidence-
based practice are sometimes used
synonymously. The two concepts are distinct.
Where does research utilization start?
A) Uses findings of a study that are related to the
previous research of the topic.
B) Emphasis is on translating historical
knowledge into real-world applications.
C) Use of a set of studies in a practical
application unrelated to the original research.
D) Critique of existing practical applications
unrelated to historical research.
6.
Which activity will limit researchers to
improve the prospect for evidence-based
practice and research utilization?
A) Conducting high-quality, methodologically
sound studies
B) Disseminating results to a broad audience
C) Providing periodical available supports during
regular work hours
D) Discussing the clinical implications of their
study results in their research reports
7. Which is not a major barrier to evidence-
based practice in nursing?
A)
The fact that many clinical nurses are not
academically prepared to critically evaluate
nursing research studies
B)
The support of organizations that reward
nurses who engage in research utilization
efforts
C) The low number of replication of nursing
studies that show promise for utilization
D) The

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8. evidence-based practice. What are care
bundles?
A) Rigorous integrations of research evidence
from multiple studies of a topic
B)
Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines
that combine a synthesis and appraisal of
research evidence
C) Set of interventions to treat or prevent a
cluster of symptoms
D) Meta-analysis or quantitative methods that
integrate findings statistically
9.
There are several resources to support
evidence-based practice. What is
metasynthesis?
A) Qualitative, narrative approach to integration
of a study
B) Quantitative method that integrate findings
statistically
C) Synthesis and appraisal of research evidence
with specific recommendations
D) Set of interventions to treat or prevent a
cluster of symptoms
10.
Several models of evidence-based practice
have been developed. Which model focuses
on the use of research from the perspective of
individual clinicians?
A) ARCC Model
B) Clinical Nurse Scholar Model
C) Iowa Model
D) Stetler Model
11.
A RN is putting research into practice. What
step of the process is involved with the
validity of study findings?
A) Framing an answerable clinical question
B) Searching for relevant research evidence
C) Appraising the evidence
D) Integrating evidence with other factors

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12. A student nurse is trying to find out what a
mixed methods synthesis is. What is a mixed
methods synthesis?
A) Integrate and synthesize both quantitative and
qualitative evidence.
B) Integrate quantitative evidence.
C) Integrate and synthesize qualitative evidence.
D) Integrate qualitative evidence.
13.
Systematic reviews are published in
professional journals. Which database
contains thousands of systematic reviews
related to healthcare interventions?
A) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
B) Campbell Collaboration
C) Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
D) Joanna Briggs Institute
14.
Clinical practice guidelines distill a large
body of evidence into a manageable form.
Which describes clinical practice guidelines?
A) Give general recommendations for evidence-
based decision making.
B) Address all of the issues relevant to a clinical
decision.
C) Guide clinical practice when there are a
number of published articles.
D) Completed by researchers.
15.
Which reference is a comprehensive reference
resource that provides an array of clinical
information for nurses, including evidence-
based care sheets, best practice guidelines,
and point-of-care drug information?
A) Clinical Evidence
B) Evidence-based Nursing
C) Worldviews on Evidence Based Nursing
D) Nursing Reference Center
16.
Evidence-based practice writers distinguish
between background and foreground
questions. What is a background question?

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A) Based on current best research evidence.
B) Specific, detailed questions about a clinical
problem.
C) General, foundational questions about a
clinical issue.
D) Questions located on websites.
17.
Fineout-Overholt and Johnston recommended
a 5-component scheme for formulating
evidence-based practice questions, using the
acronym PICOT as a guide. Which two
components are not always needed in this
model?
A) P and C
B) I and O
C) C and T
D) P and O
18.
A nurse is putting research into practice. What
is the first step that should be considered in
the process?
A) Framing an answerable clinical question
B) Searching for relevant research evidence
C) Appraising and synthesizing the evidence
D) Integrating evidence with other factors
19. Which occurs with individual evidence-based
practice efforts?
A) Tend to be less formalized approach than
organizational evidence-based practice.
B) Must take organizational factors into account.
C) Must take interpersonal factors into account.
D) Triggers for an individual project include
pressing clinical problems.
20.
Appraisal of Guidelines Research and
Evaluation (AGREE) Instrument consists of
ratings of quality on what type of

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D) 7-point scale
Answer Key
1. C
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. D
11. C
12. A
13. A
14. B
15. D
16. C
17. C
18. A
19. A
20. A
Chapter 3. Key Concepts and Steps in Quantitative and Qualitative Research
1.
A pediatric RN undertakes a study of the
effect of low birth weight on infants' cognitive
development. A developmental psychologist
collaborates on the study. A second RN helps
by recruiting families into the study. A
graduate student is asked to give statistical
advice in analyzing the data. This is an
example of what type of study?
A) Multisite research
B) Qualitative research
C) Funded research
D) Collaborative research
2.
Which term is not used by qualitative
researchers to refer to people who participate
in a study?

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A) Informants
B) Key informants
C) Study participants
D) Subjects
3.
Which term is used by both qualitative and
quantitative researchers to refer to the
abstractions under study?
A) Concept
B) Construct
C) Phenomenon
D) Variable
4.
The RN is reading a research article. The
article talks about constructs. Which would
most likely be called a construct?
A) Gender
B) Body temperature
C) Uncertainty in illness
D) Blood type
5.
What is the dependent variable(s) in the
research question “Is the quality of life of
nursing home residents affected by their
functional ability or hearing acuity”?
A) Quality of life
B) Functional ability
C) Hearing acuity
D) Nursing home residents
6.
What is the independent variable in the
hypothesis “Baccalaureate degree prepared
nurses will practice more rehabilitative
nursing measures on a client in an ICU than
will associate degree prepared nurses”?
A) Associate degree prepared nurses
B) Baccalaureate degree prepared nurses
C) Rehabilitative nursing measures
D) Type of educational background of nurses

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7. What is the purpose of an operational
definition in a quantitative study?
A) State the theoretical meaning of the concept.
B) Specify how a variable will be defined and
measured.
C) State the expected relationship between the
variables under investigation.
D) Designate the conceptual underpinnings of the
variable.
8.
Which is a datum from a quantitative study of
the labor and delivery experiences of women
over age 40?
A) Length of time in labor
B) 107 ounces
C) Infant's Apgar score
D) Vaginal versus cesarean delivery
9.
Which is a datum from a qualitative research
study on the labor and delivery experiences of
women over age 40?
A) 14.6 hours in labor
B) 60-minute interviews 1 day after delivery
C) “It was a lot more painful than

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12. Which is widely used by quantitative nurse
researchers?
A) Ask research questions
B) Phenomenological
C) Ethnographic
D) Grounded theory
13.
What is the research tradition that focuses on
understanding phenomena within a cultural
context?
A) Experimental
B) Phenomenological
C) Ethnographic
D) Grounded theory
14.
What is the research tradition that is an
approach to understanding people's life
experiences?
A) Experimental
B) Phenomenological
C) Ethnographic
D) Grounded theory
15.
What is the statement of the researcher's
expectations or predictions about
relationships among study variables?
A) Hypothesis
B) Framework
C) Research question
D) Conceptual definition
16. What is the overall plan for answering the
research question?
A) Sampling plan
B) Proposal
C) Problem statement
D) Research

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17.
What is the aggregate of those to whom a
researcher wishes to generalize study results
called?
A) Gate keepers
B) Population
C) Sample
D) Consumers
18. What is the research design in qualitative
studies called?
A) Experimental
B) Narrative
C) Interpretive
D) Emergent
19. Where are registered nurses most likely to
find research results?
A) Conference presentations
B) Journal articles
C) Books
D) Dissertations
20. What is included in the methods section of a
study?
A) Review of the literature.
B) Names of the statistical tests that are going to
be used.
C) Strategies used to address the problem.
D) Discussion including recommendations for
the

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8. B
9. C
10. A
11. C
12. A
13. C
14. B
15. A
16. D
17. B
18. D
19. B
20. C
Chapter 4. Reading and Critiquing Research Articles
1.
Which electronic database is widely
recognized as the premier source for
bibliographic coverage of the biomedical
literature?
A) CINAHL
B) Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition
C) ProQuest
D) MEDLINE
2.
The RN is doing a basic search of articles on
nurses' stress in the ICU. In conducting a
subject search in an electronic database, what
should the nurse type to initiate the search?
A) An author's name
B) Restrictions to the search
C) A topic or keyword
D) A mapping procedure
3.
In an electronic literature search, what is the
researcher doing when she does not know the
precise keywords for retrieving information
on a topic?
A) Mapping
B) Searching
C) Restricting focus
D) Copying

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D) A description of the study by an individual
unconnected with it
8.
The nurse is conducting a literature review.
Which will not assist the nurse when
conducting a literature review?
A)
One major purpose of a literature review is to
learn what research has already been done in
the area.
B)
A text word search allows searchers to look
for specific words in all test fields of records
in the electronic database.
C)
The literature

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11.
Qualitative researchers have varying opinions
about reviewing the literature before doing a
new study. What group of researchers is
represented when collection of data occurs
before reviewing the literature?
A) Grounded theory researchers
B) Phenomenologists
C) Ethnographogists
D) Grounded theory researchers and
phenomenologist
12.
Qualitative researchers have varying opinions
about reviewing the literature before doing a
new study. What group of researchers often
undertakes a search for relevant materials at
the onset of a study?
A) Grounded theory researchers
B) Phenomenologists
C) Ethnographogists
D) Grounded theory researchers and
phenomenologist
13.
Qualitative researchers have varying opinions
about reviewing the literature before doing a
new study. What group of researchers does a
more thorough literature review during data
analysis and interpretation so that findings can
be compared with previous findings?
A) Grounded theory researchers
B) Phenomenologists
C) Ethnographogists
D) Grounded theory researchers and
phenomenologist
14.
Matrices are a convenient means of
abstracting and organizing information for a
literature review. How many dimension arrays
are present?
A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five

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15.
Matrices are a convenient means of
abstracting and organizing information for a
literature review. When would a reviewer use
an evaluation matrix?
A) Record methodological features of a set of
studies.
B) Record research findings.
C) Record quality assessment information.
D) Facilitate thematic analysis of the retrieved
information.
16.
Matrices are a convenient means of
abstracting and organizing information for a
literature review. When would a reviewer use
a results matrix?
A) Record methodological features of a set of
studies.
B) Record research findings.
C) Record quality assessment information.
D) Facilitate thematic analysis of the retrieved
information.
17.
Written literature reviews are undertaken for
many different purposes. In a quantitative
research report, what section of the report
would a review of prior research on the
problem under study be located?
A) Introduction
B) Methods
C) Results
D) Discussion
18.
Written literature reviews are undertaken for
many different purposes. In a research report,
what section of the report would limitations of
the study be located?
A) Introduction
B) Methods
C) Results
D) Discussion

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19.
Written literature reviews are undertaken for
many different purposes. In a qualitative
research report, what section of the report
would the thematic analysis of the data be
presented?
A) Introduction
B) Methods
C) Results
D) Discussion
20.
Some features of an electronic search are
similar across databases. Which is an example
of a wildcard symbol?
A) And
B) Not
C) Or
D) Question mark
Answer Key
1. D
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. C
6. D
7. D
8. D
9. A
10. B
11. A
12. B
13. C
14. A
15. C
16. B
17. A
18. D
19. C
20. D

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