Test Bank For Visions of America: A History of the United States, Combined Volume 2nd Edition Test Bank

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TESTBANKVISIONS OFAMERICAA History of the United StatesSecond EditionJennifer D. KeeneChapman UniversitySaul CornellFordham UniversityEdward T. O’DonnellCollege of the Holy Cross

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Table of ContentsChapter 1 People in Motion: The Atlantic World to 1590......................................................................1Chapter 2 Models of Settlement: English Colonial Societies, 1590–1710 ...........................................38Chapter 3 Growth, Slavery, and Conflict: Colonial America, 1710–1763 ...........................................79Chapter 4 Revolutionary America: Change and Transformation, 1764–1783....................................119Chapter 5 A Virtuous Republic: Creating a Workable Government 1783–1789 ...............................164Chapter 6 The New Republic: An Age of Political Passion, 1789–1800 ...........................................205Chapter 7 Jeffersonian America: An Expanding Empire of Liberty, 1800–1824...............................233Chapter 8 Democrats and Whigs: Democracy and American Culture, 1820–1840............................269Chapter 9 Workers, Farmers, and Slaves:The Transformation of the American Economy, 1815–1848.................................................308Chapter 10 Revivalism, Reform, and Artistic Renaissance, 1820–1850 ............................................345Chapter 11 “To Overspread the Continent:”Westward Expansion and Political Conflict, 1840–1848.....................................................387Chapter 12 Slavery and Sectionalism: The Political Crisis of 1848–1861 .........................................424Chapter 13 A Nation Torn Apart: The Civil War, 1861–1865 ...........................................................460Chapter 14 Now That We Are Free: Reconstruction and the New South, 1863–1890.......................492Chapter 15 Conflict and Conquest: The Transformation of the West, 1860–1900.............................524Chapter 16 Wonder and Woe: The Rise of Industrial America, 1865–1900 ......................................557Chapter 17 Becoming a Modern Society: America in the Gilded Age, 1877–1900...........................590Chapter 18 Creating a Democratic Paradise: The Progressive Era, 1895–1915.................................622Chapter 19 Imperial America: The United States in the World, 1890–1914......................................659Chapter 20 The Great War: World War I, 1914–1918........................................................................698Chapter 21 A Turbulent Decade: The Twenties .................................................................................738Chapter 22 A New Deal for America: The Great Depression, 1929–1940.........................................776Chapter 23 World War II: Fighting the Good War, 1939–1945 .........................................................818Chapter 24 A Divided World: The Early Cold War, 1945–1963 .......................................................857Chapter 25 In a Land of Plenty: Contentment and Discord, 1945–1960 ............................................892Chapter 26 A Nation Divided: The Vietnam War, 1945–1975 ..........................................................928Chapter 27 A Decade of Discord: The Challenge of the Sixties.........................................................965Chapter 28 Righting a Nation Adrift: America in the 1970s and 1980s ...........................................1000Chapter 29 Building a New World Order: The United States, 1989–2009.......................................1035iii

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1CHAPTER ONEPEOPLE IN MOTION: THE ATLANTIC WORLD TO 1590Multiple Choice1. The Paleo-Indians wereA) rivals of the Archaic Era Indians.B) inhabitants of Mesoamerica.C) the first human settlers of the Americas.D) those who began to develop agriculture after the Ice Age passed.E) those who migrated from Asia by land rather than by sea.Answer: CPage Ref: 4Skill: FactualTopic: The First Americans2. The map shows that during the last Ice Age, the land mass of the AmericasA) was greater than it is today.B) extended toward Europe.C) was dominated by great lakes in the north.D) was home to several ancient cities.E) was reached more easily by sea than by land from Asia.Answer: APage Ref: 4Skill: FactualTopic: The First AmericansText Asset: 1.1 Migration from Asia to America

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23. The most advanced societies of Mesoamerica were characterized by all of the followingEXCEPTA) the use of irrigation.B) written languages.C) egalitarianism.D) monumental architecture.E) systems of mathematics.Answer: CPage Ref: 5Skill: FactualTopic: The First Americans4. The early civilizations of Mesoamerica developed as a result of advances inA) trade.B) hunting.C) agriculture.D) religion.E) the arts.Answer: CPage Ref: 5Skill: FactualTopic: The First Americans5. The religion of the Eastern Woodland Indians included animism, which was a belief thatA) one supreme being rules over all.B) everything in nature possesses a spirit.C) men and women are essentially equal.D) humans were entrusted to take care of the natural world.E) the woods were dwellings of sacred beings.Answer: BPage Ref: 8Skill: FactualTopic: The First Americans6. The alpaca and llamas of the Andes Mountains were unusual in the Americas before Europeancontact because they wereA) hunted not for their meat but for their fur.B) used as horses.C) honored as sacred beings.D) the only large domesticated animals.E) the only large mammals to survive the Ice Age.Answer: DPage Ref: 9Skill: FactualTopic: The First Americans

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37. How did the recession of the glaciers at the end of the Ice Age affect human migration inNorth America?A) People could leave North America only by sea.B) People had to settle wherever they found themselves.C) People were able to migrate northward.D) People tried to return to Asia.E) People were able to migrate southward and eastward.Answer: EPage Ref: 4Skill: ConceptualTopic: The First Americans8. How did the decline of large game affect the Paleo-Indians?A) They had to search for new food sources.B) Many of them starved to death.C) They became traders instead of hunters.D) They learned how to herd and raise small animals.E) They no longer divided labor according to gender.Answer: APage Ref: 5Skill: ConceptualTopic: The First Americans9. Aztec society was different from that of the mound builders and Anasazi in that only the AztecA) created urban areas.B) built remarkable structures.C) traded with other groups.D) developed a stratified society.E) practiced human sacrifice .Answer: EPage Ref: 6–7Skill: ConceptualTopic: The First Americans10. How did the Eastern Woodland Indians differ from Mesoamerican Indians?A) Their social structure was rigidly hierarchical.B) They did not divide labor according to gender.C) They never developed agriculture.D) Their outlook was more communal than individualistic.E) They did not engage in warfare.Answer: DPage Ref: 8–9Skill: ConceptualTopic: The First Americans

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411. What left indigenous Americans most vulnerable to Europeans upon first contact?A) their isolation and lack of exposure to many diseasesB) their belief in magicC) their lack of such animals as horses and camelsD) their limited scientific knowledgeE) their predominantly hierarchical societiesAnswer: APage Ref: 9Skill: AnalyticalTopic: The First Americans12. What defined the nation-states that emerged in Europe by the sixteenth century?A) expanding bordersB) efficient taxationC) increased tradeD) authority over religionE) centralized powerAnswer: EPage Ref: 14Skill: ConceptualTopic: European Civilization in Turmoil13. In capitalism, the prices of goods and services are set byA) the government.B) bankers.C) the market.D) merchants.E) landowners.Answer: CPage Ref: 11Skill: FactualTopic: European Civilization in Turmoil

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514. This illustration shows the workshop ofA) a weaver.B) an engraver.C) a metallurgist.D) a painter.E) a woodworker.Answer: BPage Ref: 11Skill: FactualTopic: European Civilization in TurmoilText Asset: 1.5 Copper Engraving15. The Renaissance originated inA) the Reformation of Martin Luther.B) a renewed interest in classical learning.C) the exploration of the New World.D) the libraries of medieval monasteries.E) a reworking of the theology of the Roman Catholic Church.Answer: BPage Ref: 13Skill: FactualTopic: European Civilization in Turmoil16. The Renaissance scholars known as humanists primarily studiedA) finance and trade.B) theology.C) liberal arts.D) urban life.E) aesthetics.Answer: CPage Ref: 13Skill: FactualTopic: European Civilization in Turmoil

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617. The theology of John Calvin included all of the following ideas EXCEPT thatA) all images were forms of idolatry.B) God had destined people for salvation before birth.C) the true church was embodied by an “elect.”D) the Bible and true faith were sufficient for worship.E) the damned could find salvation through good works.Answer: EPage Ref: 13Skill: FactualTopic: European Civilization in Turmoil18. What did Europeans most want to obtain from Asia through trade?A) spices and textilesB) knowledge of new accounting methodsC) a way to cure the Black DeathD) new styles of fashionE) an understanding of IslamAnswer: APage Ref: 10Skill: FactualTopic: European Civilization in Turmoil19. Martin Luther and John Calvin were similar in that they bothA) sold indulgences to their followers.B) believed in predestination.C) allied with the Church of England.D) broke away from the Catholic Church.E) smashed stained glass windows and religious carvings.Answer: DPage Ref: 13Skill: FactualTopic: European Civilization in Turmoil20. Why did Henry VIII of England break with the Catholic Church?A) He wanted to levy taxes on Church property, but the Pope refused.B) He wanted to write his own version of the Bible.C) He wanted to sell Church lands to raise money for the army.D) He wanted a divorce, which the Pope would not grant.E) He wanted to fulfill the wishes of his father, Henry VII.Answer: DPage Ref: 14Skill: ConceptualTopic: European Civilization in Turmoil

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721. The painting “Henry VIII and Edward VI” shows thatA) the Protestants were more powerful than the king of England.B) Henry VIII’s legacy would be carried on by his son.C) the Pope and the king ruled England as equals.D) the English were plotting to kill the Pope.E) English monks supported the Catholic Church despite the danger.Answer: BPage Ref: 15Skill: ConceptualTopic: European Civilization in TurmoilText Asset: 1.7 Henry VIII and Edward VI22. Eastern Woodlands Indians saw nature as sacred, whereas Europeans primarily saw it asA) a source of artistic inspiration.B) a resource to conserve.C) a useless wilderness.D) something to exploit.E) a terrifying place to avoid.Answer: DPage Ref: 12Skill: ConceptualTopic: European Civilization in Turmoil

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823. What quality did the Renaissance and Reformation share?A) an engagement in religious reformB) a rejection of the BibleC) a concern with public lifeD) a faith in the fundamental goodness of humanityE) a questioning of the status quoAnswer: EPage Ref: 13Skill: AnalyticalTopic: European Civilization in Turmoil24. The drawing “Nova Reperta” celebrates the invention of all of the following technologiesEXCEPTA) the arquebus.B) the compass.C) maps.D) gunpowder.E) the printing press.Answer: APage Ref: 18Skill: FactualTopic: Columbus and the Columbian ExchangeText Asset: 1.9 Nova Reperta

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925. Hernán Cortés found allies in his conquest of the Aztec Empire inA) natives from Hispaniola.B) slaves looking to win their freedom.C) the Inca Empire.D) European settlers.E) those who had been conquered by the Aztecs.Answer: EPage Ref: 18–19Skill: FactualTopic: Columbus and the Columbian Exchange26. The Portuguese and the Spanish were alike in their treatment of the native inhabitants of thelands they conquered in the Atlantic and Caribbean because both forced the inhabitants toA) relocate to settlements in North America.B) provide the labor on their plantations.C) join their armies and fight with the conquistadores.D) intermarry with African slaves to provide more workers.E) share their metallurgical techniques.Answer: BPage Ref: 16–19Skill: ConceptualTopic: Columbus and the Columbian Exchange27. The Vikings and Columbus were similar in that they bothA) gained notoriety through widespread accounts of their voyages.B) established European outposts in America.C) thought the Native Americans were savages.D) initiated complex ecological changes in the Americas.E) made their way to the islands of the Caribbean.Answer: BPage Ref: 16Skill: FactualTopic: European Civilization in Turmoil28. What did Europeans obtain from the Islamic world and Asia to assist them with theirexplorations of the Atlantic world?A) naval escorts to protect their shipsB) financial support for their initial voyagesC) slave labor to sail their shipsD) detailed maps of the best trade routesE) technology to improve their shipsAnswer: EPage Ref: 17Skill: FactualTopic: Columbus and the Columbian Exchange

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1029. The South American painting “Heavenly Militia” shows that, to the Indians of Central andSouth America, the god-like power of the conquistadores came mostly from their use ofA) elaborate clothing.B) mystical ceremonies.C) silver and gold.D) firearms.E) nature and wildlife.Answer: DPage Ref: 19Skill: ConceptualTopic: Columbus and the Columbian ExchangeText Asset: 1.10 Heavenly Militia30. Christopher Columbus’s attitude toward the Native Americans was primarily one ofA) resentment.B) reverence.C) cooperation.D) curiosity.E) superiority.Answer: EPage Ref: 16Skill: AnalyticalTopic: Columbus and the Columbian Exchange

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1131. Which of the following was most likely NOT a reason that the peoples who had beenconquered by the Aztec were willing to become allies of the conquistadores?A) They wanted vengeance against the Aztec.B) They were impressed with the god-like power of the conquistadores.C) They thought the conquistadores would free them.D) They hoped to acquire gold and other forms of wealth from the conquistadores.E) They believed the conquistadores would stop the human sacrifices.Answer: DPage Ref: 18–19Skill: AnalyticalTopic: Columbus and the Columbian Exchange32. The items the Spanish exported from the lands they conquered in the Americas included allof the following EXCEPTA) silver and gold.B) horses.C) pearls.D) dyes such as indigo.E) cacao.Answer: BPage Ref: 17Skill: FactualTopic: Columbus and the Columbian Exchange33. The Columbian Exchange refers to transformations in what aspect of the Atlantic world?A) scientificB) economicC) medicalD) culturalE) biologicalAnswer: EPage Ref: 16Skill: ConceptualTopic: Columbus and the Columbian Exchange34. Until the 1600s, the African slave trade was controlled byA) Europeans.B) the Spanish.C) the Songhai Empire.D) Muslim traders.E) West African monarchs.Answer: DPage Ref: 22Skill: FactualTopic: West African Worlds

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1235. In the fifteenth century, Portugal took the lead in exploring an Atlantic route toA) Asia.B) North America.C) the Caribbean.D) South Africa.E) North Africa.Answer: APage Ref: 20Skill: FactualTopic: West African Worlds36. According to the map, before Portugal established forts along the coast of Africa, tradebetween Europe and Africa was most likely conductedA) indirectly via Asia.B) along Mediterranean routes.C) along land routes.D) only rarely.E) indirectly via islands in the Atlantic.Answer: BPage Ref: 21Skill: ConceptualTopic: West African WorldsText Asset: 1.11 Internal African Trade Routes and Portuguese Trade with Africa

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1337. Though West African societies were as diverse as those in the Americas, they were differentin that only West AfricansA) had egalitarian societies based in kinship.B) followed polytheistic religious traditions.C) practiced Islam.D) had both patrilineal and matrilineal societies.E) built urban centers.Answer: CPage Ref: 20Skill: ConceptualTopic: West African Worlds38. Why did both the Spanish and the Portuguese eventually enslave Africans to supply labor forthem in the Americas?A) Native Americans had successfully resisted attempts to enslave them.B) They had captured the Africans as prisoners of war.C) They were inspired by the systems of slavery they learned about in Africa.D) Disease had nearly wiped out the indigenous peoples of the lands they conquered.E) They wanted to take advantage of African knowledge about sugar cultivation.Answer: DPage Ref: 20–21Skill: ConceptualTopic: West African Worlds

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1439. This panel is made of what material that the Benin acquired through trade with Portugal?A) ivoryB) bronzeC) goldD) hardwoodE) marbleAnswer: BPage Ref: 22Skill: FactualTopic: West African WorldsText Asset: 1.12 Benin Bronze Panel40. Why did Africans begin raiding their neighboring territories after 1600?A) The Muslims gave them money for converts to Islam.B) They needed men for armies to ward off European invaders.C) The value of slaves had increased.D) They wanted to repopulate after their own people had died of disease.E) They wanted to acquire bronze crafts to sell to the Europeans.Answer: CPage Ref: 22Skill: ConceptualTopic: West African Worlds

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1541. How did the European concept of slavery differ from the African?A) Slaves of Europeans could be absorbed into mainstream society.B) European slavery was permanent but not hereditary.C) Europeans did not work their slaves as hard as the Africans.D) Slaves of Europeans could attain positions of privilege.E) Europeans justified slavery through racist ideology.Answer: EPage Ref: 22Skill: ConceptualTopic: West African Worlds42. Benin differed from other West African nations with regard to the slave trade because BeninA) did not resist supplying Europeans with slaves.B) discontinued its involvement in the slave trade.C) traded exclusively with the Spanish.D) acquired its slaves only from its own population.E) traded its slaves only for goods, not for money.Answer: BPage Ref: 23Skill: FactualTopic: West African Worlds43. According to the text, Benin’s decision with regard to the slave tradeA) motivated the Portuguese to attack Benin to compel the kingdom to give up men and womenas slaves.B) enabled the kingdom to maintain its political autonomy longer than its neighbors did.C) inspired neighboring countries to discontinue involvement in the slave trade.D) stemmed from humanitarian concerns about slavery.E) effectively cut it off from any trade with Europe.Answer: BPage Ref: 23Skill: ConceptualTopic: West African Worlds44. For what purpose did the Spanish bishop Bartolomé de Las Casas write the work known inEnglish asThe Tears of the Indians?A) to entreat other nations to dismantle the Spanish EmpireB) to lament the lost cultures of the Native AmericansC) to encourage the Spanish to convert the Indians to ChristianityD) to critique such Aztec practices as human sacrificeE) to indict the conquistadores for their crueltyAnswer: EPage Ref: 24Skill: FactualTopic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World

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1645. These images from Las Casas’s book portray the Spanish asA) righteous.B) savagely brutal.C) terrified.D) acting in self-defense.E) celebrating victory.Answer: BPage Ref: 25Skill: ConceptualTopic: European Colonization of the Atlantic WorldText Asset: 1.14 Title Page from the English Edition of Las Casas

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1746. As can be seen on the map, which statement is accurate?A) The nations that explored the Atlantic each took different routes.B) The Portuguese had no interest in the Americas.C) War between the English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish was inevitable.D) European interest in exploration waned after the sixteenth century.E) The English and French collaborated in exploring North America.Answer: APage Ref: 24Skill: FactualTopic: European Colonization of the Atlantic WorldText Asset: 1.13 Major European Explorations of the Atlantic47. Why did France initially send fleets to Newfoundland?A) to fish for codB) to hunt for fursC) to mine goldD) to gather lumberE) to trade for beadsAnswer: APage Ref: 26–27Skill: FactualTopic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World

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1848. The labor system the Spanish used in New Spain differed from the system they haddeveloped in the Caribbean because the system in New SpainA) did not come under criticism from religious reformers.B) obliged the Spanish to provide for the laborers’ spiritual welfare.C) resulted in fewer deaths of indigenous people from disease.D) involved the enslavement of Indians rather than Africans.E) was much less exploitive.Answer: BPage Ref: 26Skill: ConceptualTopic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World49. How did the French encounter with the Native Americans differ from that of the Spanish andPortuguese?A) The French settlements were much larger than those of Spain and Portugal.B) The Spanish and Portuguese intermarried with the Native Americans.C) The French maintained good relations with the Native Americans.D) The Spanish and Portuguese tried to understand native culture.E) The French were not interested in religious conversions.Answer: CPage Ref: 27Skill: ConceptualTopic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World50. Why did the balance of power in the Atlantic shift near the end of the sixteenth century?A) The English navy defeated the Spanish Armada.B) The French began to explore and colonize the Americas.C) The powerful Spanish navy dominated all others.D) The English developed a new colonial model in Ireland.E) The French discovered the Northwest Passage to Asia.Answer: APage Ref: 28Skill: ConceptualTopic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World51. How did the English and Spanish models of colonization differ?A) The Spanish traded only within their empire whereas the English sought new trade partners.B) The English permitted religious freedom but the Spanish did not.C) The Spanish felt greater economic pressure to explore and colonize.D) The Spanish repopulated the lands they conquered with their own people.E) The English expelled the native population whereas the Spanish absorbed it.Answer: EPage Ref: 28Skill: ConceptualTopic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World

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1952. How did England’s model of exploration and colonization differ from that of France andSpain?A) The English colonists were not seeking any profit.B) The English depended on the exploits of privateers.C) The English monarch granted full financial support.D) English explorers and colonists relied on private investors.E) The English did not initially encounter any Indians.Answer: DPage Ref: 29Skill: ConceptualTopic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World53. All of the following contributed to the failure of the English settlement at Roanoke EXCEPTA) conflict with the local Indians.B) the difficulties of reprovisioning it.C) the prevalence of Spanish raids.D) its location near Cape Hatteras.E) the demands of fighting the Spanish Armada.Answer: CPage Ref: 29Skill: ConceptualTopic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World

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2054. Unlike the painting by John White, the image by Flemish engraver Theodore de BryA) was primarily aimed at a Calvinist audience.B) shows an actual Indian religious ritual.C) exaggerates the “otherness” of the Indians.D) displays a broad-minded view of different cultural practices.E) was intended to be used to convert the Indians.Answer: CPage Ref: 30–31Skill: ConceptualTopic: European Colonization of the Atlantic WorldText Assets: 1.18 John White’s Painting and Theodore de Bry’s engraving on page 31.55. Why was the French Jesuits’ use of religious images to convert the Indians most likelyeffective?A) The Indians saw the images as threatening and converted in fear.B) French painting was far superior to Spanish or English painting.C) The Indians were impressed with European artistry.D) The images were more appealing than those with which the Indians were familiar.E) The images could bypass cultural and linguistic behaviors.Answer: EPage Ref: 27Skill: AnalyticalTopic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World

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21True/False56. The Portuguese established forts along the African coasts to facilitate trading opportunities.A) TrueB) FalseAnswer: APage Ref: 21Topic: West African Worlds57. Horses, wheat, and smallpox were all transplants from the Old World to the New World.A) TrueB) FalseAnswer: BPage Ref: 17Topic: Columbus and the Columbian Exchange58. The Black Death killed about half of Europe’s population.A) TrueB) FalseAnswer: APage Ref: 10Topic: European Civilization in Turmoil59. Calvinist iconoclasm was so strict that even stained glass windows were removed fromchurches.A) TrueB) FalseAnswer: APage Ref: 13Topic: European Civilization in Turmoil60. In the Archaic Era, Indians began to explore ways to shape the environment for foodproduction.A) TrueB) FalseAnswer: APage Ref: 5Topic: Columbus and the Columbian Exchange61. Although vastly outnumbered by the Aztecs, Hernán Cortés and his men had militaryadvantages.A) TrueB) FalseAnswer: APage Ref: 18Topic: Columbus and the Columbian Exchange

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2262. Benin’s powerful monarch continued to deal with the Portuguese but abolished slavery in hisregion.A) TrueB) FalseAnswer: BPage Ref: 22Topic: West African Worlds63. Ancestor worship played a prominent role in many West African religious traditions.A) TrueB) FalseAnswer: APage Ref: 20Topic: West African Worlds64. Giovanni da Verrazano explored North America on behalf of the French.A) TrueB) FalseAnswer: APage Ref: 27Topic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World65. England initially sought to colonize Ireland rather than the New World.A) TrueB) FalseAnswer: APage Ref: 28Topic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World66. The Huron believed that beavers would evade capture if the bones of slain beavers were notrespected.A) TrueB) FalseAnswer: APage Ref: 12Topic: European Civilization in Turmoil67. The Americas were in fact a “New World” in the sense that the first human settlers arrivedonly some 40,000 to 14,000 years ago.A) TrueB) FalseAnswer: APage Ref: 2Topic: Introduction

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2368. In New Spain, the Spanish proclaimed a commitment to converting Indians to Christianity.A) TrueB) FalseAnswer: APage Ref: 26Topic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World69. Portuguese traders introduced the concept of slavery to Africa.A) TrueB) FalseAnswer: BPage Ref: 21Topic: West African Worlds70. The European arrival in the Americas was part of a process of exploration and colonizationpursued primarily by Portugal, Spain, France, and England.A) TrueB) FalseAnswer: APage Ref: 2Topic: IntroductionFill-in-the-Blank71. The colonization of the Americas ultimately involved the exploitation of not only the nativepopulation but also __________.Answer: enslaved AfricansPage Ref: 2Topic: Introduction72. Old World armies had an important advantage over the peoples of America due to theEuropeans’ domesticated ________.Answer: horsesPage Ref: 17Topic: Columbus and the Columbian Exchange73. An intense religious animosity spurred European antagonism toward ________ and inspirednearly three centuries of holy wars.Answer: MuslimsPage Ref: 10Topic: European Civilization in Turmoil

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2474. Protestantism found an especially receptive home in the French-speaking Swiss city of________.Answer: GenevaPage Ref: 13Topic: European Civilization in Turmoil75. Columbus’s crew brought back to the Old World an especially virulent variety of _______.Answer: syphilisPage Ref: 17Topic: Columbus and the Columbian Exchange76. To justify their conquest, the Spanish used images of Aztec _________.Answer: human sacrificePage Ref: 24Topic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World77. The demand for slaves was fueled by the high profits being made on Caribbean plantationsthat grew and processed ________.Answer: sugarPage Ref: 18Topic: West African Worlds78. Although slavery existed in Africa, those in captivity could in rare cases attain _______.Answer: prominent positionsPage Ref: 21Topic: West African Worlds79. The purpose of the voyage of Giovanni da Verrazano was to find the so-called ________.Answer: Northwest PassagePage Ref: 27Topic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World80. In honor of the never-married Queen Elizabeth, England’s first New World colony wasnamed ________.Answer: VirginiaPage Ref: 29Topic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World81. In the same year Columbus left on his first voyage, the Spanish government ordered theexpulsion of all _______.Answer: JewsPage Ref: 15Topic: European Civilization in Turmoil

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2582. The Anasazi peoples lived in pueblos in the ________ region of what is now the UnitedStates.Answer: southwesternPage Ref: 7Topic: The First Americans83. The mound-building Indians lived in the _________ region of what is now the United States.Answer: CentralPage Ref: 7Topic: The First Americans84. The British monarch who separated from the Catholic Church to form the Church of Englandwas _________.Answer: Henry VIIIPage Ref: 14Topic: European Civilization in Turmoil85. The Inca Empire was located primarily in _________.Answer: present-day EcuadorPage Ref: 19Topic: Columbus and the Columbian ExchangeEssay86. Explain the factors that set the stage for the exploration and exploitation of the New WorldbyEurope.Whateconomicandtechnologicalchangescontributedtothedrivetowardexploration? How did the rise of the nation state contribute?Page Ref: 10–15Topic: European Civilization in Turmoil87. Compare and contrast the Mesoamerican Indians with the Eastern Woodland Indians. Whatdo their differences reveal about the American Indian societies that Europeans began toencounter in the fifteenth century?Page Ref: 4–9Topic: The First Americans88. Describe the goals of Christopher Columbus’s initial expedition. Should his expedition beconsidered a success or not? Why or why not?Page Ref: 16–19Topic: Columbus and the Columbian Exchange89. Describe the factors that contributed to the defeat of the Aztecs by Hernán Cortés. How wasthis conquest similar to or different from other conquests by the Spanish in the New World?Page Ref: 18–19Topic: Columbus and the Columbian Exchange

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2690. Define the Columbian Exchange and describe its effects on both the Old World and the New.Page Ref: 16–19Topic: Columbus and the Columbian Exchange91. Discuss the transformations of the Renaissance and Reformation. How did these movementschange the outlook of Europeans? How might they have informed the drive to explore theAmericas?Page Ref: 13–14Topic: European Civilization in Turmoil92. Compare and contrast the African and European approaches to slavery. For what reasonswould West African nations have been willing to collaborate with the Atlantic slave trade?Page Ref: 20–23Topic: West African Worlds93. What was the role of religion in the way Europeans interacted with Indians and slaves? Howwas religion used to justify the exploitation of other peoples, and how did different Europeangroups vary in their attitudes and approaches?Page Ref: 24–26Topic: European Colonization of the Atlantic World94. What were the consequences of the route to Asia taken by the Portuguese? What were theconsequences for Europeans? What were the consequences for Africans?Page Ref: 20–22Topic: West African Worlds95. Compare and contrast the Spanish and French approaches to settlement and colonization inthe New World. Explain the goals of each group and how each interacted with indigenouspeoples.Page Ref: 24–27Topic: European Colonization of the Atlantic WorldLearning Objectives and AnswersAfter a careful examination of Chapter 1, students should be able to answer the followingquestions:1.Why did Paleo-Indians migrate to the Americas?Answer: Humans first migrated to North America from Asia across a land bridge (nowthe Bering Strait) to hunt big game mammals like the wooly mammoth, which providedwool for clothing and meat for food. Once the glaciers melted, a migration southward andeastward occurred into modern-day Canada, the United States, and eventually the tip ofSouth America. The Paleo-Indians roamed in search of big game across the continent,where they also fished and gathered nuts and berries.

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272.How did economic and political changes in Europe facilitate overseas expansion?Answer: The rise of powerful monarchs across Europe created new nation-states out ofthe relatively weak decentralized governments, and so the monarchs of nations likeEngland, France, and Spain sought money for state-building purposes, which led to thecolonization and exploration of Africa and the Americas.Once Europe had recovered from the Black Death pandemic, populations experiencedhigh growth, while city-states, such as Venice, began to dominate trade and finance withthe East. Innovations in financial practices (such as accounting) reduced the risks ofmaritime trade. The emergence of deposit banking also helped trade and commerce andencouraged overseas ventures.3.What was the Columbian Exchange, and how did it affect societies in the Americas andEurope?Answer: This exchange refers to the encounter between the native peoples of theAmericas and the first Europeans to cross the Atlantic, such as Christopher Columbus.The Old World and New World exchanged their foods, plants, animals, and diseases.Both sides of the Atlantic were subsequently transformed. For example, European foodacquired characteristics of the native peoples, while the Europeans brought their horses,sheep, cattle, and pigs to the New World. Unfortunately, both sides also shared theirdiseases with each other, in the form of syphilis that European sailors picked up on theCaribbean islands and smallpox that devastated native peoples in the New World. Someof these indigenous populations were nearly wiped out as a result of the diseases broughtover by the Spanish.4.What were the chief similarities and differences between the civilizations of Africa andthe Americas?Answer: Both Africa and the Americas had a wide range of societies as far as socialstratification and cultural and religious diversity. Africa and the Americas had urbancenters, such as the Aztec empire in Mesoamerica. Some of the simpler, more egalitariansocietiesofWestAfricawereorganizedaroundkinship,likeAmerica’sEasternWoodlands Indians. Also, some groups in both Africa and the Americas practiced animistreligions in which aspects of nature were considered to be gods and spirits.But there were vast differences between the civilizations of Africa and the Americas. Slaverywas widely practiced on a tribal level in Africa, even before the arrival of the Europeans. Onthe other hand, the empires of the Americas such as the Aztecs used systems of tribute andtaxation instead of slavery. Additionally, there were large domesticated animals in Africa butnot in the Americas prior to the arrival of the Europeans.Trade also played a bigger role in the economic life of Africa than the Americas. TheNorth African states on the Mediterranean had been trading with Europe since ancienttimes.

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285.How did the different labor systems employed by the Spanish, French, and English affectthe indigenous populations of the Americas?Answer: The economy of New Spain was based on a highly exploitive system of forcedlabor. The Spanish used a system known as theencomiendathat was not much differentthan slavery. Indians were considered “vassals” who owed their labor to noblemen, whowould save the souls of the Indians by converting them. This system led to a highmortality rate among the indigenous population, which resulted in the Spanish usingother types of labor, including conscript labor, wagelabor, and slavery.The French encounter with Native Americans was much different. They sought tomaintain good relations with the local tribes because they depended on them to providefurs for trade. The French population often intermarried with local Indians (with theencouragement of the French government) in the hope that this would facilitate a gradualassimilation of the Indian population into the French culture of New France. The Frenchwere just as eager as the Spanish to convert the Indians, but French missionaries livedamong Indians and learned their customs instead of imposing Catholicism by force.The English would create a slave-based labor system in the Americas in the form ofplantations. In this system, the indigenous populations would be kicked off of their lands,which would be repopulated with colonists, instead of incorporated into their culture.Crawl Questions and AnswersWhat theories account for the mass extinction of large mammals in the Americas? (p. 4)Answer: There are three competing scientific theories that might explain the mass extinctions oflarge mammals. Overhunting by the Paleo-Indians is one explanation. Other scientists think thatdramatic climate change is responsible for extinctions of large mammals. In this case, the risingtemperatures that marked the end of the Ice Age killed off animals that were unable to adapt. Thefinal theory is that diseases brought to the New World by humans and their animals (i.e., dogsand rats) killed off the large game in the Americas.What impact did agriculture have on the evolution of the societies of the Americas? (pp. 5–6)Answer: Agriculture changed groups like the Archaic Era Indians, who implemented basicweeding practices to facilitate the growth of edible plants. They also learned about seeds anddeveloped basic concepts about irrigation. Such groups increased their food supplies and neededto hunt less as a result.By about 5000 BCE, natives in the region of modern-day Mexico could grow crops like maize,squash, and beans, which led to food surpluses and large population increases. All of thisallowed urbanization and the creation of towns and cities to occur. These ancient peoples couldthen focus their attention on things besides growing food, such as cultural, artistic, andengineering endeavors. Societies thus became more advanced and complex, with increased socialstratification, written languages, mathematical systems, sophisticated irrigation techniques, andimpressive architecture.

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