The Water Cycle And Water Insecurity Exam With Answers (32 Solved Questions)

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The Water Cycle And Water Insecurity Exam Style Questions And AnswersDescribe how deforestation is affecting the Amazon basin - The amount of waterreturning to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration is greatly reduced—from75% to 25% of intercepted water. More precipitation enters the river by runoff.Overland flow increases the amount of soil erosion. Huge quantities of soil areentering the rivers and causing extensive silting. Mudslides are increasing infrequency and scale. The flood risk is raised by the faster runoff. Aquifers arebecoming depleted because less water infiltrates to recharge themName three other ways in which people disrupt the drainage basin cycle - Urbangrowth; constructing dams and reservoirs; abstracting water for irrigationDistinguish between a water budget and a river regime - Water budget is thedifference between precipitation and evapotranspiration, which varies from placeto place and seasonally. River regime is the seasonal variation in the discharge orflow of a river and it too varies, but from drainage basin to drainage basinHow does climate affect water budget? - It affects the amount of precipitationreceived, while temperatures affect rates of evaporation and transpirationIdentify three physical factors affecting a river's regime - Amount and intensity ofprecipitation; geology and soils; vegetation coverHow do you explain the seasonal variations in runoff when rainfall is evenlydistributed throughout the year? - The lower runoff during the summer and earlyautumn is due to the higher temperatures and high water losses due toevapotranspiration. Also the dry ground means that much of the rain infiltratesand percolates below ground

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What is a storm hydrograph? - A storm hydrograph shows the response of ariver's discharge following a period of rainfall. A critical aspect of the hydrographis the lag time between the rainfall peak and the river's peak dischargeHow does geology affect the shape of a storm hydrograph? - If the geology is hardand impervious, then the speed of runoff will be such as to result in a relativelyshort lag time. If the geology is soft and porous, then runoff will be less and thewater will reach the river more slowly as it takes place below ground. The lag timewill be relatively longWhy does urbanisation increase the risk of flooding? - The large areas of concreteand tarmac mean that most falling rain becomes surface runoff which movesquickly to the nearest stream or river. Underground drains and sewers also movewater quickly to drainage channels. Because of this swift transfer of water, riversquickly reach the bank-full stage and water begins to overspill their channels asfloodsWhat is meant by a store and a flow? - A store is where water is held for varyingamounts of 'residence' time. A flow is the movement of water between storesIdentify the three largest stores in size order - 1. The oceans2. Icecaps and glaciers3. GroundwaterWhich two water stores are non-renewable, and why? - 1. Fossil water: old, deepgroundwater from former wetter periods2. Losses from the cryosphere: melting of ice as a result of global warmingDistinguish between blue and green water - Blue water is stored in rivers, lakesand groundwater in liquid form—a visible part of the hydrological cycle. Green

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water is water stored in the soil and vegetation—an invisible part of thehydrological cycleWhy is the hydrological cycle a closed system? - There are no external inputs andoutputs. It is a self-contained entity. Some might argue solar energy, which drivesthe cycle, is an inputWhat is the water budget, and why does it vary from place to place? - The waterbudget of a place is the difference between the amount of water gained fromprecipitation and the amount lost as a result of evapotranspiration. The budget isin surplus when precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration. It is in deficit when thesituation is reversed. It varies from place to place because climate (precipitationand temperature) doesWhat are the main inputs of a drainage basin system? - Precipitation. Alsopossibly water from a tributary basinWhat are the main outputs of a drainage basin system? - Evaporation,transpiration and river dischargeHow does relief affect the inputs and outputs of a drainage basin? - Altitude willaffect the precipitation input (orographic rain or snow). The steepness of slopeswill affect the rate of runoff—the steeper the slope, the faster the rateDistinguish between interception and infiltration - Interception is the process bywhich water is stored in the vegetation. Infiltration is the process by which watersoaks into, or is absorbed by the soilHow does geology affect the flows in a drainage basin? - Geology affects thebalance of the flows by which precipitation reaches a river. Where the geology is

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