StudyXY

Register Log in

Chemistry /A-level Chemistry: 3.3.14 Organic Synthesis

A-level Chemistry: 3.3.14 Organic Synthesis

Chemistry31 CardsCreated 2 months ago

This flashcard set outlines the key reactions of halogenoalkanes, including free-radical substitution to form halogenalkanes, and nucleophilic substitution pathways leading to amines, nitriles, and alcohols. It highlights the reagents, conditions, and product types depending on the class of halogenoalkane.

Print Embed Import Report

Alkane → Halogenalkane
State the reaction and the conditions

Free-radical substitution
X2, UV light

Tap to flipTap or swipe ↕ to flip

Space↑↓

←→Swipe ←→Navigate

SSpeak

FFocus

1/31

Key Terms

Term

Definition

Alkane → Halogenalkane

State the reaction and the conditions

Free-radical substitution
X2, UV light

Halogenalkane → Secondary/tertiary amines, their salts and quaternary ammonium salts

State the reaction and the conditions

Nucleophilic substitution
Ammonia, heat
(not primary halogenalkanes)

Halogenalkane → Primary Amine

State the reaction and the conditions

Nucleophilic substitution
Excess ammonia, heat
(primary halogenalkanes only)

Halogenalkane → Nitrile

State the reaction and the conditions

Nucleophilic substitution
KCN(aq), ethanol, reflux

Halogenalkane → Alcohol

State the reaction and the conditions

Nucleophilic substitution
Warm, NaOH(aq), reflux

Halogenalkane → Alkene

State the reaction and the conditions

Elimination
KOH, ethanol, reflux

Log in to view all terms

Related Flashcard Decks

CSEC Chemistry: States of Matter and Particulate Theory

This deck covers the fundamental concepts of states of matter and the particulate theory, including diffusion, osmosis, and the characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases.

Understanding Redox Reactions

This deck covers the fundamental concepts of redox reactions, including definitions of oxidation and reduction, electron transfer, oxidation states, and how to write ionic and half equations.

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Essentials

This deck covers key concepts from the Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Coursebook, including states of matter, atomic structure, bonding, reactions, organic chemistry, and environmental chemistry.

Edexcel A Level Chemistry: Exam Questions

This flashcard set provides explanations for molecular shapes and trends in chemical behavior. It covers the geometry of phosphorus (III) chloride due to electron pair repulsion, the thermal stability of nitrates based on cation size and charge, and the increase in boiling points from chlorine to iodine due to stronger London dispersion forces.

Edexcel A Level Chemistry: 19: Modern Analytical Techniques II

This flashcard set explains the fundamental principles of mass spectrometry, including the formation of molecular ions, the meaning of m/z (mass-to-charge) values, and how high-resolution mass spectrometry provides precise molecular mass measurements.

Edexcel A Level Chemistry: 18: Organic Chemistry III

This flashcard set introduces aromatic and aliphatic compounds, highlighting the presence or absence of delocalised electrons in hydrocarbon rings. It also describes benzene as an arene and outlines its key physical properties.

Study Tips

Press F to enter focus mode for distraction-free studying
Review cards regularly to improve retention
Try to recall the answer before flipping the card
Share this deck with friends to study together

A-level Chemistry: 3.3.14 Organic Synthesis

Term	Definition
Alkane → Halogenalkane State the reaction and the conditions	Free-radical substitution X2, UV light
Halogenalkane → Secondary/tertiary amines, their salts and quaternary ammonium salts State the reaction and the conditions	Nucleophilic substitution Ammonia, heat (not primary halogenalkanes)
Halogenalkane → Primary Amine State the reaction and the conditions	Nucleophilic substitution Excess ammonia, heat (primary halogenalkanes only)
Halogenalkane → Nitrile State the reaction and the conditions	Nucleophilic substitution KCN(aq), ethanol, reflux
Halogenalkane → Alcohol State the reaction and the conditions	Nucleophilic substitution Warm, NaOH(aq), reflux
Halogenalkane → Alkene State the reaction and the conditions	Elimination KOH, ethanol, reflux
Nitrile → Primary Amine State the reaction and the conditions	Reduction LiAlH4, dry ether, dilute H2SO4 OR hydrogen gas, platinum/nickel catalyst, high temperature and pressure
Alkene → Halogenalkane State the reaction and the conditions	Electrophilic Addition HX, 20°C
Alkene → Dibromoalkane State the reaction and the conditions	Electrophilic addition Br2, 20°C (test for unsaturation)
Alkene → Alcohol State the reaction and the conditions	Hydrolysis H3PO4 catalyst, steam, 300°C, 60 atm Electrophilic addition H2O, H2SO4 catalyst
Alcohol → Alkene State the reaction and the conditions	Elimination conc H2SO4, reflux
Alcohol → Carboxylic Acid State the reaction and the conditions	Oxidation K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, relfux (primary alcohols only)
Alcohol → Aldehyde/ketone State the reaction and the conditions	Oxidation K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, heat in distillation apparatus
Aldehyde/ketone → Alcohol State the reaction and the conditions	Reduction/nucleophilic addition NaBH4 in water with methanol
Aldehyde/ketone → Hydroxynitrile State the reaction and the conditions	Nucleophilic addition KCN(aq), H2SO4, 20°C
Carboxylic Acid → Ester State the reaction and the conditions	Esterification alcohol, conc. H2SO4 catalyst, heat
Ester → Carboxylic Acid State the reaction and the conditions	Hydrolysis dilute H2SO4 catalyst, H2O, reflux OR dilute NaOH(aq), reflux
Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride → Carboxylic Acid State the reaction and the conditions	Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination H2O, 20°C
Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride → Ester State the reaction and the conditions	Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination Alcohol, 20°C
Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride → Primary Amine State the reaction and the conditions	Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination NH3, 20°C
Acyl Chloride / Acid Anhydride → N-Substituted Amide State the reaction and the conditions	Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination Amine, 20°C




State how chemists design synthesis routes to be safe	Chemists try designing routes that use non-hazardous starting materials to limit the potential for accidents and environmental damage
State how chemists design synthesis routes to be less wasteful	Use processes with high atom economies and high percentages yields Waste can be reduced by designing synthesis routes that have as few steps as possible
Why are processes with high atom economies and high percentages yields preferred?	∵ they convert more of starting material into useful products
Give an example of how you can reduce both hazards associated with process and amount of waste created by a synthesis route	Avoiding solvents
Explain how avoiding solvents reduces hazards	Solvents are often flammable and toxic so pose safety risks
Explain how avoiding solvents reduces waste	If solvent has to be disposed after reaction is complete = lots of waste