Back to AI Flashcard MakerChemistry /A-level Chemistry: 3.3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Part 1

A-level Chemistry: 3.3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Part 1

Chemistry40 CardsCreated 2 months ago

This deck covers key concepts in organic chemistry, including formulas, functional groups, and isomerism, as outlined in the A-level Chemistry curriculum.

Define General Formula

An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

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Key Terms

Term
Definition

Define General Formula

An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

Define Empirical formula

Simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

Define Molecular formula

Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

Define Structural Formula

Shows the atoms carbon by carbon + attached hydrogens & functional groups

Define Skeletal Formula

Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton ONLY + any functional groups

Define Displayed Formula

Shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

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TermDefinition

Define General Formula

An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

Define Empirical formula

Simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

Define Molecular formula

Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

Define Structural Formula

Shows the atoms carbon by carbon + attached hydrogens & functional groups

Define Skeletal Formula

Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton ONLY + any functional groups

Define Displayed Formula

Shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

What is the functional group for alkanes?
C—C
What is the functional group for alkenes?
C=C
What is the functional group for alcohols?
C—OH
What is the functional group for haloalkanes?
C—halogen

What is the functional group for aldehydes?

What is the functional group for ketones?

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

What is the functional group for nitriles?

What is the functional group for amines?

What is suffix for alkenes?
-ene
What is suffix & prefix for alcohols?
-ol & hydroxy-

What is the prefix for haloalkanes?


  • fluoro-

  • chloro-

  • bromo-

  • iodo-

What is the suffix for aldehydes?
-(an)al
What is the prefix & suffix for ketones?
oxo- & -(an)one
What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?
-(an)oic acid
What is the suffix for nitriles?
-(anen)nitrile
What is the prefix & suffix for amines?
-(yl)amine & amino-
What is the general formula for alkanes?
CnH2n+2 (n = 1,2,3 etc.)
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n (n = 1,2,3 etc.)
What is the general formula for alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH (n = 1,2,3 etc.)
What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?
CnH2n+1COOH (n = 0,1,2 etc.)
What is the general formula for haloalkanes?
CnH2n+1X (n = 1,2,3 etc.) (X = F, Cl etc.)
What is the general formula for primary amines?
CnH2n+1NH2 (n = 1,2,3 etc.)
What is the general formula for aldehydes?
CnH2n+1CHO (n = 0,1,2 etc.)
What is the general formula for ketones?
CmH2m+1COCnH2n+1 (m & n = 0,1,2 etc.)

Name 5 features of a homologous series

  1. Chemically similar / react in same way

  2. Each successive member differs by CH2

  3. Same general formula

  4. Same functional group

  5. Gradation in physical properties or specified trend

What effect does the length of the carbon chain have on chemical reactivity of the functional group?
Has little effect
What affects the physical properties (e.g. melting/boiling point & solubility) of carbon molecule?
The length of carbon chain
In general: small molecules are ___ and larger ones are ____ + _____
gas & liquids + solids
Why does the length of the carbon chain affect physical properties?
Melting/boiling points increase by small amounts as no. of C in chain increases ∵ intermolecular forces increase
How does chain branching generally affect melting points and why?
Reduces melting points ∵ less surface area (molecules pack together less well) & weaker van der Waals forces
Hydrogen ring molecules have prefix of ____
'cyclo'
What are isomers?
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but their atoms are arranged differently
Name 2 type of isomers
Stereoisomers & structural isomers