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AP® Psychology Developmental Psychology Part 3

Advanced Placement25 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts from Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of developmental psychology, including stages of cognitive development, criticisms, and related concepts.

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Which stage in Piaget's stages of development is characterized by the presence of theoretical thinking?

formal operational stage
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Which stage in Piaget's stages of development is characterized by the presence of theoretical thinking?
formal operational stage
Reflexive reactions and circular reactions (repeated behaviors through which the infant manipulates the environment) are typical in which of Piaget's stages of development?
sensorimotor stage
If a toy disappears from a child's field of view, the child will continue to look for it. This exemplifies the development of which process during the sensorimotor stage?
object permanence
In which stage of Piaget's theory of development does goal-oriented behavior appear?
sensorimotor stage
The pre-operational stage of Piaget's theory of development is characterized by the shift to __________, the ability to use words to substitute for objects.
symbolic thinking
The inability to see the world from anyone else's point of view is __________.
egocentrism
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AP® Psychology Developmental Psychology Part 3
TermDefinition
Which stage in Piaget's stages of development is characterized by the presence of theoretical thinking?
formal operational stage
Reflexive reactions and circular reactions (repeated behaviors through which the infant manipulates the environment) are typical in which of Piaget's stages of development?
sensorimotor stage
If a toy disappears from a child's field of view, the child will continue to look for it. This exemplifies the development of which process during the sensorimotor stage?
object permanence
In which stage of Piaget's theory of development does goal-oriented behavior appear?
sensorimotor stage
The pre-operational stage of Piaget's theory of development is characterized by the shift to __________, the ability to use words to substitute for objects.
symbolic thinking
The inability to see the world from anyone else's point of view is __________.
egocentrism
If your nephew believes that his stuffed animal is alive, he is subscribing to what belief, found in Piaget's pre-operational stage?
animism

Which of the following describes artificialism?

  • the belief that all things are human-made

  • the belief that nothing is human-made

  • the belief that things can be either human or machine-made

the belief that all things are human-made

What two important concepts appear during Piaget's concrete operational stage?
1. reversibility 2. conservation
The ability to perform a mental operation, then reverse thinking back to a starting point is a concept known as __________.
reversibility

If I have a set amount of water that I pour into different sized glasses, a child in the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of development will understand that the amount of water has not changed just because it was arranged differently.

This demonstrates the child's understanding of what concept?

conservation

Piaget's formal operational stage, in which children are fully capable of understanding abstractions and symbolic relationships, begins at around what age?
age 12
What two abilities does a child at Piaget's formal operational stage acquire?
1. metacognition 2. hypothetical reasoning
What is metacognition?
the ability to recognize one's cognitive processes and change or adapt those processes if necessary
If you are able to construct a solution to a problem with which you have no experience, you would be exhibiting what ability found in Piaget's formal operational stage?
hypothetical reasoning
What are two criticisms of Piaget's theory of development?
1. underestimation of children's abilities (especially at age 4 to 5) 2. failure to recognize environmental factors in development
The opposite of egocentrism, __________, develops around age 4 and allows children to understand that other people see the world differently than they do.
the theory of mind
How do psychologists test theory of mind?
false-belief task
Who was the theorist responsible for stressing social factors as critical for developmental processes?
Lev Vygotsky
What is internalization?
Internalization is the absorption of knowledge into the self from environmental and social contexts.
According to Vygotsky, the __________ is the range between the developed level of ability that a child displays and the potential level of ability of which the child is capable.
zone of proximal development
Vygotsky proposed that a child realizes his potential through a process that allows him to move across the zone of proximal development. Name this process.
scaffolding
As people get older, they show a decrease in ________ intelligence, marked by the ability to think in abstract concepts and symbolic relationships. This is accompanied by a simultaneous increase in ________ intelligence, marked by specific knowledge of facts and information.
fluid; crystallized
What characterizes social development?
the ability to interact with others and with our normative social structures
Which theorist developed a theory that viewed development as a series of 'conflicts' that must be resolved?
Erik Erikson