AP Psychology: Motivation (Modules 36-39)

An internal state that energizes and directs behavior

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Genes predispose species’ typical behavior

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy that need

Tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body around a particular level

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal (Ex. When you are at an optimum level of stress, you are at peak performance and efficiency.)

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level needs can be fulfilled

Physiological, Safety, Belonging and Love, Esteem, Self-actualization, Self-transcendence

No, they also come from the brain.

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues

Hypothalamus – the lateral hypothalamus induces hunger while the ventromedial hypothalamus depresses hunger

Secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose

Secreted by fat cells; increases metabolism and decreases hunger

Secreted by the hypothalamus; triggers feelings of hunger

Secreted by an empty stomach; triggers feelings of hunger

Secreted by a full stomach; tells the brain that the organism is not hungry

The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set; when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

The body’s resting rate of body expenditure

Starchy, carbohydrate-laden foods; carbohydrates boost serotonin production which has calming effects.

1. Social facilitation - the tendency to eat more around other people

2. Unit bias - people eat more when offered a bigger standard portion

3. ???

An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

Secreted by the digestive tract; signals "I'm not hungry!"

The need to feel a sense of involvement and belonging in a certain group

Social bonds have encouraged survival. For example, the attachment a mother feels to her child compels her to provide for it. The attachment two parents feel for one another allows for their child to grow up in a supportive home. In the past, greater numbers in societies have allowed for more efficient hunting.

The brain experiences higher levels of dopamine.

It elicits activity in the anterior cingulate cortex which also activates in response to physical pain.

A completely involved, focused state of consciousness; diminished awareness of self and time -- results in optimal engagement of skills

The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces

Focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal and development

Examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

The tendency to overestimate your ability to choose the best candidate

Managers believe employees will only work if rewarded with benefits/threatened with punishments

Employees have intrinsic motivation, so policies should encourage that