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AP® Psychology Personality Part 4

Advanced Placement20 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts in personality psychology, focusing on theories, traits, and assessment methods.

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What is the difference between people who have an internal locus of control and those who have an external locus of control?

Those with an internal locus of control believe that successes or failures are a direct result of their efforts; those with an external locus of control are more likely to attribute successes or failures to luck or chance.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What is the difference between people who have an internal locus of control and those who have an external locus of control?
Those with an internal locus of control believe that successes or failures are a direct result of their efforts; those with an external locus of contr...
According to trait theorists, traits are largely __________ rather than acquired through experience.
inherited
What are the big five personality traits?
1. introversion/extroversion 2. neuroticism/stability 3. agreeableness/antagonism 4. conscientiousness/undirectedness 5. openness/non-openness
This statistical measure allows researchers to use correlations between traits to see which traits cluster together as factors.
factor analysis
Define:
heritability a measure of the amount of variation in a trait in a certain population that is due to genetics
What are two methods of trait research analysis?
1. nomothetic analysis 2. idiographic analysis
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AP® Psychology Personality Part 4
TermDefinition
What is the difference between people who have an internal locus of control and those who have an external locus of control?
Those with an internal locus of control believe that successes or failures are a direct result of their efforts; those with an external locus of control are more likely to attribute successes or failures to luck or chance.
According to trait theorists, traits are largely __________ rather than acquired through experience.
inherited
What are the big five personality traits?
1. introversion/extroversion 2. neuroticism/stability 3. agreeableness/antagonism 4. conscientiousness/undirectedness 5. openness/non-openness
This statistical measure allows researchers to use correlations between traits to see which traits cluster together as factors.
factor analysis
Define:
heritability a measure of the amount of variation in a trait in a certain population that is due to genetics
What are two methods of trait research analysis?
1. nomothetic analysis 2. idiographic analysis
What is the main difference between nomothetic and idiographic traits?
Nomothetic traits are thought to be universal (i.e. the big five), while idiographic traits are unique to the individual.
According to Gordon Allport, what are the three types of traits?
1. cardinal 2. central 3. secondary
According to Allport, a trait that overrides one's whole being is a __________, while __________ are the person's primary characteristics, and traits that constitute interests are __________.
cardinal trait; central traits; secondary
The theory that we try to make sense of the world by generating, testing, and revising hypotheses about our social reality, was developed by George Kelly. It is known as what?
personal construct theory
Which theorist is known for recognizing that traits often vary depending on circumstances?
Walter Mischel
According to the cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS) developed by Walter Mischel, interaction among five factors and characteristics of the situation account for individual behavior differences across situations. What are these five factors?
1. encoding strategies 2. expectancies and beliefs 3. goals and values 4. feelings 5. personal competencies and self-regulatory processes
What are behavioral signatures?
consistent ways of responding in similar situations that characterize our personality
Hans Eysenck used factor analysis to identify common behavioral traits along three dimensions. What are they?
1. extroversion 2. neuroticism 3. psychoticism
Raymond Cattel believed that __________, the person's underlying characteristics, were the basis of personality and gave rise to __________.
source traits; surface traits
What is one main problem with Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
theory was not developed through empirical testing
What is one problem with the humanistic theory?
lacks empirical evidence and has an overly optimistic outlook on life
What is one problem with the cognitive theory?
does not account for the breadth of humanness
What is one problem with trait theories?
unable to explain the origin of personality
Typically, what does psychoanalytic assessment involve?
a one-on-one therapist and patient relationship, in which the therapist uses techniques (such as free association and dream recall) to gain access to the unconscious