Back to AI Flashcard MakerAdvanced Placement /AP® Psychology Testing and Individual Differences Part 3
AP® Psychology Testing and Individual Differences Part 3
This deck covers key concepts in intelligence research, including theories, types of intelligence, and the influence of nature and nurture on intelligence. It also explores the contributions of notable psychologists and the implications of stereotype threat.
Define: factor analysis
statistical procedure that identifies common factors within a group of items by determining which variables are most correlated
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Define: factor analysis
statistical procedure that identifies common factors within a group of items by determining which variables are most correlated
How did Charles Spearman contribute to intelligence research?
tested a wide variety of mental tasks on a large number of people; identified underlying variables g and s
What are Spearman's g and s variables?
g = general factor underlying all intelligence; s = less important specialized abilities
Louis Thurstone identified seven distinct intelligence factors, called primary mental abilities. Name them.
1. inductive reasoning 2. word fluency 3. perceptual speed 4. verbal comprehension 5. spatial visualization 6. numerical ability 7. associative memory
John Horn and Raymond Cattell divided intelligence into the factors of __________ and __________.
fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence
Define: fluid intelligence
cognitive abilities that require quick learning and diminish with age
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Define: factor analysis | statistical procedure that identifies common factors within a group of items by determining which variables are most correlated |
How did Charles Spearman contribute to intelligence research? | tested a wide variety of mental tasks on a large number of people; identified underlying variables g and s |
What are Spearman's g and s variables? | g = general factor underlying all intelligence; s = less important specialized abilities |
Louis Thurstone identified seven distinct intelligence factors, called primary mental abilities. Name them. | 1. inductive reasoning 2. word fluency 3. perceptual speed 4. verbal comprehension 5. spatial visualization 6. numerical ability 7. associative memory |
John Horn and Raymond Cattell divided intelligence into the factors of __________ and __________. | fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence |
Define: fluid intelligence | cognitive abilities that require quick learning and diminish with age |
Define: crystallized intelligence | learned knowledge and skills that increase with age, such as vocabulary |
Define: savant | an individual, considered mentally retarded, who is exceptionally skilled in a specific area, usually math, art, or music |
Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences? | Howard Gardner |
What is the theory of multiple intelligences? | idea that people process information differently and intelligence is composed of different factors stemmed from unusual nature of savants |
According to Howard Gardner, what are the eight types of intelligence? | 1. logical-mathematical 2. verbal-linguistic 3. spatial 4. bodily-kinesthetic 5. musical 6. interpersonal 7. intrapersonal 8. naturalistic |
What is the significance of emotional intelligence? | ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions; based on Gardner's intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligence; term coined by Peter Salovey and John Mayer; later studied by Daniel Goleman; led to Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS) |
The triarchic theory of intelligence was proposed by __________. | Robert Sternberg |
What is the triarchic theory of intelligence? | Idea that there are three separate and testable intelligences: 1. analytical (facts) 2. practical (street smarts) 3. creative (seeing multiple solutions) |
Define creativity as it relates to testing. | ability to generate new, original, and useful ideas and solutions |
What is the threshold theory? | idea that certain level of intelligence is necessary, but not sufficient for creativity |
Intelligence is 75% attributed to __________ and 25% to __________. | nurture; nature |
What are examples of evidence supporting the idea that intelligence is hereditary? | mental retardation from genetic defects (Down syndrome); twin studies (identical twins have higher correlation between IQs than fraternal twins); IQ scores of adoptees are more similar to biological parents than adopted parents |
What are examples of evidence supporting the idea that intelligence is learned? | mental retardation from prenatal exposure to alcohol (Fetal alcohol syndrome); cultural-familial retardation (from sociocultural deprivation); school attendance increases IQ scores; Flynn effect (increase in IQ scores over time due to better health care and schooling) |
Define heritability as it relates to testing. | proportion of variation among individuals in a population resulting from genetic causes |
How does the reaction range model explain intelligence using both nature and nurture influences? | This model states that genetic makeup determines the limits for a person's IQ. The upper limit can be reached when in an ideal environment, just as the lower limit can be displayed when in an impoverished environment. |
How do IQ scores of African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanic Americans compare with white children? | white children typically score 10-15 points higher |
Define: within-group differences | range of scores for variables being measured for a group of individuals |
Define: between-group differences | difference between means of two groups for a common variable |
Define: stereotype threat | idea that anxiety influences test score; performance could confirm negative stereotype; proposed by Claude Steele |