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Biology IB HL - 11.4 Sexual Reproduction Part 2

Advanced Placement25 CardsCreated 19 days ago

This deck covers key concepts and details about gametogenesis in males and females, including the structure and function of reproductive organs and cells.

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Where does gametogenesis occur in males?

In males, the gametes are produced within the seminiferous tubules of the testes
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Where does gametogenesis occur in males?
In males, the gametes are produced within the seminiferous tubules of the testes
Where does gametogenesis occur in females?
In females, the gametes are produced by the ovaries
What are the testes composed of?
The testes are composed of seminiferous tubules which produce sperm
What is each seminiferous tubule surrounded by?
Each tubule is surrounded by a basement membrane which is lined by germline epithelium
What is the role of the germline epithelium?
The germline epithelium will divide by mitosis to make spermatogonia (which divide by meiosis to make spermatids)
What do the spermatids differentiate into?
The spermatids differentiate into functional spermatozoa, which are then released into the lumen of the tubule
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Biology IB HL - 11.4 Sexual Reproduction Part 2
TermDefinition
Where does gametogenesis occur in males?
In males, the gametes are produced within the seminiferous tubules of the testes
Where does gametogenesis occur in females?
In females, the gametes are produced by the ovaries
What are the testes composed of?
The testes are composed of seminiferous tubules which produce sperm
What is each seminiferous tubule surrounded by?
Each tubule is surrounded by a basement membrane which is lined by germline epithelium
What is the role of the germline epithelium?
The germline epithelium will divide by mitosis to make spermatogonia (which divide by meiosis to make spermatids)
What do the spermatids differentiate into?
The spermatids differentiate into functional spermatozoa, which are then released into the lumen of the tubule
What are the developing spermatozoa nourished by?
These developing spermatozoa are nourished by Sertoli cells, which reside in the tubule lining
What is outside of the tubules?
Outside of the tubules are blood capillaries and interstitial cells (Leydig cells) which produce testosterone
What does the ovary contain (in general)?
The ovary contains follicles in various stages of development
When will these follicles develop over?
These follicles will develop over the course of a menstrual cycle and hence will not always be apparent upon inspection
What do primordial follicles contain?
Primordial follicles contain egg cells that have been arrested in prophase I (primary oocytes)
What will these follicles develop into each month?
Some of these follicles will develop each month into primary follicles and then secondary follicles
What will one follicle become each month?
Each cycle, one follicle will become a dominant Graafian follicle and rupture to release the secondary oocyte
What will the ruptured follicle develop into?
The ruptured follicle will then develop into a short-lived corpus luteum, which secretes key ovarian hormones
What will the corpus luteum degenerate into?
Eventually the corpus luteum will degenerate to form a corpus albicans
Where does spermatogenesis start?
Spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules starts at the outer lining of the tubule (germline epithelium)
Where do germ cells move in spermatogenesis?
As the germ cells divide by meiosis they move towards the inner lining before being released into the lumen as sperm
What represents the sertoli cells?
Non-dividing cells within the tubule lining will represent the Sertoli cells, which nourish and support the spermatocytes
What will cells located externally to the tubule represent?
Cells located externally to the tubule will likely represent interstitial cells (Leydig cells), which produce testosterone
Is oogenesis a continuous process?
Oogenesis in the ovaries is not a continuous process and proceeds according to a monthly menstrual cycle
Due to oogenesis being monthly, when will certain follicles be present?
Consequently, certain developing follicles will only be visible at particular stages in the cycle
When can comparison between primary and secondary follicles be possible?
As a follicle matures it will grow larger in size, allowing for comparisons to be made between primary and secondary follicles
What is the difference between oo and spermatogenesis in terms of other germline epithelium?
Unlike in spermatogenesis, the outer germline epithelium of the ovaries does not directly contribute to gamete formation
What do the male and female gametes have in order to fulfil their function?
The male and female reproductive gametes (sperm and egg) have specialised structures which reflect their functions
How is the male gamete adapted to its function?
The male gamete (sperm) is small and motile and only contributes the male’s haploid nucleus to the zygote