Back to AI Flashcard MakerChemistry /Chemistry: 3.13 Amino Acids Part 3

Chemistry: 3.13 Amino Acids Part 3

Chemistry29 CardsCreated 2 months ago

This deck covers key concepts related to amino acids, protein structures, enzyme activity, and modern drug design techniques.

DNA is a polymer of four different

Nucleotides

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Key Terms

Term
Definition

DNA is a polymer of four different

Nucleotides

What 3 components is each nucleotide made up of

  • phosphate ion

  • pentose sugar (2-deoxyribose)

  • base

What are the 4 bases in DNA

Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine

What does formation of nucleotides involve

Condensation reactions

Nucleotides: what does the phosphate ion bond to and what is eliminated


Phosphate ion bonds to deoxyribose and water is eliminated


Nucleotides: what does the organise base bond to and what is eliminated

Deoxyribose and water is eliminated

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TermDefinition

DNA is a polymer of four different

Nucleotides

What 3 components is each nucleotide made up of

  • phosphate ion

  • pentose sugar (2-deoxyribose)

  • base

What are the 4 bases in DNA

Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine

What does formation of nucleotides involve

Condensation reactions

Nucleotides: what does the phosphate ion bond to and what is eliminated


Phosphate ion bonds to deoxyribose and water is eliminated


Nucleotides: what does the organise base bond to and what is eliminated

Deoxyribose and water is eliminated

What are polynucleotides

Condensation polymers of nucleotides

How are phosphodiester bonds formed

The phosphate group of one nucleotide joins to the sugar of another nucleotide

What back bone does a polynucleotide have

To the sugars

Single strand of DNA

Polynucleotide

What does DNA exist as

Two polynucleotide standards in the form of a double helix

DNA structure: what are the two strands held together by

H bonds between pairs of bases

How many h bonds form between A and T

2

How many h bonds form between cytosine and guanine

3

Why does the H bonding between base pairs lead to a double helix with complementary strands

  • only thymine has correct atoms in right place to H bind with adenine

  • only guanine has correct atoms in right position to H bond to cyctosine

Why are other base pair combinations not possible

They wouldn’t place atoms at the correct distance or in correct alignment to H bond properly

Genetic code: what does a sequence of bases in certain sections of DNA hold the code for

The amino acid sequence of certain proteins

Genetic code: when do the two strands of the double helix separate

When the DNA is transcribed to make an mRNA template for protein synthesis/replicated during cell division

Genetic code: whu does strand separation occur without breaking the polynucleotide chain

Because the H bonds between the strands are weaker than the covalent bonds between nucleotides

What is cisplatin a complex of

Platinum (II)

How to remember structure of cisplatin

Cis means 2 Cl groups and 2 NH3 groups are together

What effect does cisplatin have when it binds to DNA

Blocks DNA replication and transcription and triggers programmed cell death

Mechanism for hydrolysis of cisplatin

[PtCl2(NH3)2] <> [PtCl(H2O)(NH3)2]+ + Cl-

Second step in mechanism of action of cisplatin

Ligand substitution reaction occurs between a nitrogen atom in a guanine base and the platinum ion

Third step in mechanism of action of cisplatin

Second nitrogen atom from a nearby guanine bonds to the platinum by replacing the chloride ligand

Fourth step in mechanism of action of cisplatin

Cisplatin complex causes DNA double helix to kink

Means DNA can’t unwind and can’t be copied coorectly. Damage to DNA triggers apoptosis

Why does cisplatin have side effects

It binds to DNA in normal cells as well as cancer wells

What do patients having chemotherapy also experience

  • hair loss

  • immune suppression

  • anaemia

How can the side effects of chemotherapy be reduced

By using the lowest possible dose of cisplatin and by targeting delivery of the drug directly to the cancer cells in