Chemistry: Alcohols Part 1
This flashcard set introduces alcohols, highlighting their general formula and hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. It explains how alcohols are classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary types based on the number of variable groups attached to the carbon bearing the OH group.
general formula
CnH2n+1OH
Key Terms
general formula
CnH2n+1OH
functional group
-OH
what can alcohols be classified as
primary, tertiary or secondary
what do primary alcohols have
1 variable group attached to the same carbon as the OH(besides the OH)
what do secondary alcohols have
2 variable groups attached to the same carbon as the OH (besides the OH)
what do tertiary alcohols have
3 variable groups attached to the same carbon as the OH (besides the OH)
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
general formula | CnH2n+1OH |
functional group | -OH |
what can alcohols be classified as | primary, tertiary or secondary |
what do primary alcohols have | 1 variable group attached to the same carbon as the OH(besides the OH) |
| 2 variable groups attached to the same carbon as the OH (besides the OH) |
what do tertiary alcohols have | 3 variable groups attached to the same carbon as the OH (besides the OH) |
what must be indicated if there are 3 or more carbon atoms in the molecule | the position of the OH group |
structural isomers | compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula |
why do alcohols have relatively high melting and boiling points | they form hydrogen bonds |
which alcohols are soluble in water | those with a low Mr |
why are alcohols with a low Mr soluble in water | hydrogen bonding |
how are alcohols generally prepared industrially | by hydration of alkenes |
what is the reagent in the production of alcohols by the hydration of alkenes | the alkene and steam |
what conditions are needed for the production of alcohols by the hydration of alkenes |
- high temp and pressure |
how can the mechanism of hydration be shown | using curly arrows |
curly arrows | shows the movement of a pair of electrons |
what is the role of the H+ ion in the hydration of alkenes | catalyst (its regenerated) |
uses of ethanol |
|
what are the two different methods for the industrial preparation of ethanol |
- hydration of ethene |
examples of carbohydrate crops used in fermentation | sugar cane/sugar beet |
what are carbohydrate crops broken down into during fermentation | sugars such as glucose |
how are the sugars converted into ethanol during fermentation | by anaerobic respiration |
how is ethanol removed from the reaction mixture in fermentation | by fractional distillation |
what is the reagent in fermentation | sugar |
conditions needed for fermentation | water, 30-35 degrees Celsius, yeast, lack of O2 |
equation for fermentation | C6H12O6> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 |
why is air kept out of the fermentation reaction | prevents oxidation of alcohol into vinegar |
why must a compromise temperature of 35 degrees celcius be used | optimum temp for yeast |
why does the fermentation stop when the reaction mixture contains about 15% ethanol | at this level of alcohol the yeast is poisoned |
what is fractional distillation | separating two or more liquids with differing boiling points eg ethanol and water |
why should you heat the flask during fractional distillation | it causes the water and ethanol to vapourise |
what happens as a result of the vapour passing up the fractionating column in fractional distillation | the water and ethanol will separate |
why will water condense back into the flask in fractional distillation | it has a higher boiling point than ethanol |
observe the temperature and keep the temperature at or just below… (FD) | the boiling point of ethanol |
where does ethanol vapour pass into during fractional distillation | the condenser |
what does the condenser do in fractional distillation | cools the ethanol vapour back into a liquid which is collected in a conical flask |
reagents in hydration of ethene | ethene and steam |
conditions in hydration of ethene | phosphoric acid catalyst 300 degrees celcius and 60atm |
equation for hydration of ethene | CH2=CH2(g) + H2O > CH3CH2OH(g) |
comparison of the two processes that produce ethanol: raw material | H: crude oil (finite) |
comparison of the two processes that produce ethanol: quality of product | H: pure |
comparison of the two processes that produce ethanol: rate of reaction | H: very fast |
comparison of the two processes that produce ethanol: energy requirements | H: high energy use |
comparison of the two processes that produce ethanol: type of process | H: continuous |