Chemistry: Carboxylic Acids
This flashcard set introduces carboxylic acids, detailing their general formula and -COOH functional group. It explains the types of carboxylic acids, their high melting and boiling points due to hydrogen bonding, and their solubility in water at low molecular weights. It also notes their tendency to form dimers in aqueous solutions.
general formula ca
CnH2nO2
Key Terms
general formula ca
CnH2nO2
functional group ca
-COOH
types of carboxylic acid
straight chain
branched chain
dicarboxylic acid
why do carboxylic acids have relatively high mp and bp
form H bonds
why are carboxylic acids with a low mr soluble in water
due to h bonding
what do carboxylic acids form in water
dimers
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
general formula ca | CnH2nO2 |
functional group ca | -COOH |
types of carboxylic acid |
|
why do carboxylic acids have relatively high mp and bp | form H bonds |
why are carboxylic acids with a low mr soluble in water | due to h bonding |
what do carboxylic acids form in water | dimers |
acid | substance that donates H+ ions |
why are carboxylic acids weak acids | they only partially dissociate |
acid + base >? | salt + water |
| salt + water + co2 |
acid + metal >? | salt + hydrogen |
what do carboxylic acids react to form | carboxylate salts |
why are carboxylate salts soluble in water | theyre ionic |
methanoic acid + potassium hydroxide > | potassium methanoate + water |
symbol equation methanoic acid + potassium hydroxide > | HCOOH + KOH > HCOO-K+ + H20 |
ethanoic acid + sodium > | sodium ethanoate + hydrogen |
symbol equation ethanoic acid + sodium > | CH3COOH + NA > CH3COO-Na+ + 1/2 H2 |
ethanoic acid + magnesium > | magnesium ethanoate + hydrogen |
symbol equation ethanoic acid + magnesium > | CH3COOH + MG > (CH3COO-)2 MG2+ + H2 |
propanoic acid + sodium carbonate >? | sodium propanoate + water + co2 |
symbol equation propanoic acid + sodium carbonate >? | 2CH3CH2COOH + NA2CO3 > 2CH3CH2COONA + H2O +CO2 |
test for carboxylic acids |
- effervescence due to co2 |
esters general formula | CnH2nO2 |
esters functional group | -coo |
what reaction can esters be prepared from | the reaction of a carboxylic acid + alcohol |
ethanoic acid + methanol >? | methyl ethanoate + water |
how are esters named | after parent alcohol and parent CA
|
symbol equation ethanoic acid + methanol >? | CH3COOH + CH3OH >< CH3COOCH3 + H2O |
PROPERTIES OF ESTERS |
| - lower boiling points and are less soluble in water than carboxylic acids because esters don't form h bonds |
uses of esters |
|
by which 3 methods can esters be prepared in a lab |
all condensation reactions |
condensation reaction | a chemical reaction in which 2 molecules are joined together with the elimination of a small molecule |
general equation esterification (ca + alcohol) | RCOOH + HOR1 <> RCOOR1 + H2O |
catalyst esterification | conc h2so4 |
conditions esterfification | heat |
ethanoic acid + ethanol symbol equation | CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH <> CH3COOCH2CH3 +H2O |
general equation acid anhydride + alcohol | RCOOCOR + R1OH > RCOOR1 + RCOOH |
GENERAL EQUATION ACYL CHLORIDE AND ALCOHOL | RCOCl + HOR1 > RCOOR1 + HCl |
ETHANOYL CHLORIDE AND METHANOL SYMBOL EQUATION | CH3COCL + HOCH3 > CH3COOCH3 + HCL |
what is aspirin an ester of | 2 hydroxybenzoic acid |
what is aspirin made of | salicylic acid + ethanoic anhydride |
why is ethanoic anhydride used rather than ethanoyl chloride to make acid |
|
hydrolysis | breaking of a bond using water |
what do the products obtained from the hydrolysis of an ester depend on | the conditions used for the reaction |
acid hydrolysis of esters general equation | RCOOR1 + H2O <> RCOOH + R1OH |
products of acid hydrolysis of esters | carboxylic acid + alcohol |
conditions for acid hydrolysis of esters | heat, reflux and dilute, aqueous acid |
symbol equation for acid hydrolysis of propyl ethanoate | CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 + H2O <> CH3COOH + CH3CH2CH2OH |
general equation alkaline hydrolysis of esters | RCOOR1 + NaOH > RCOO-Na+ + R1OH |
products of alkaline hydrolysis of esters | alcohol and carboxylate salt |
conditions of alkaline hydrolysis of esters | heat, reflux and dilute and aqueous NaOH |
how can the carboxylic acid be obtained from the sodium salt produced by alkaline hydrolysis of esters | adding an acid |
how can triglycerides occur naturally | as animal fats and vegetable oils |
what is a triglyceride | a triester of glycerol and fatty acids |
structural formula glycerol | CH2OHCHOHCH2OH |
IUPAC name for glycerol | propane 1,2,3 triol |
what are fatty acids | long chain CA |
differeces between fats and oils |
| - oil liquid at room temp |
what do the triglycerides found in fats often contain | saturated fatty acids |
what do the triglycerides found in oils often contain | unsaturated fatty acids |
why can triglycerides be hydrolysed under alkaline conditions | they contain ester groups |
products of alkaline hydrolysis of triglycerides | glycerol and sodium salt |
conditions of alkaline hydrolysis of triglycerides | reflux |
what are the sodium salts formed in hydrolysis of triglycerides used as | soaps |
what is biodiesel a mixture of | methyl esters of long chain carboxylic acids |
how can biodiesel be made | from triglyerides by transeterification |
transeterification | vegetable oils reacted with ethanol in presence of KOH catalyst |