Chemistry /Edexcel A Level Chemistry: 6: Organic Chemistry I Part 1
Edexcel A Level Chemistry: 6: Organic Chemistry I Part 1
This deck covers key concepts in organic chemistry, including functional groups, types of isomers, and reaction mechanisms. It is designed to help students understand the foundational principles of organic chemistry.
What is a functional group?
The group of atoms which gives an organic compound its characteristic properties and reactions
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What is a functional group?
The group of atoms which gives an organic compound its characteristic properties and reactions
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound of hydrogen and carbon only
What is a homologous series?
Family of compounds which all contain the same functional group and each member of the series contains one CH2 unit more than the previous member
What is a general formula?
Represents all the members of a homologous series
Why can carbon form so many compounds?
the atoms have an exceptional ability to form chain, branches chains and rings of various sizes
Carbon is relatively inert a...
What is empirical formula?
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is a functional group? | The group of atoms which gives an organic compound its characteristic properties and reactions |
What is a hydrocarbon? | A compound of hydrogen and carbon only |
What is a homologous series? | Family of compounds which all contain the same functional group and each member of the series contains one CH2 unit more than the previous member |
What is a general formula? | Represents all the members of a homologous series |
Why can carbon form so many compounds? |
|
What is empirical formula? | The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound |
What is molecular formula? | The actual number of atoms in each molecule |
What is structural formula? | Shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens and functional groups |
What is skeletal formula? | Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only, with any functional groups |
What is displayed formula? | Shows how all the atoms are arranged, and the bonds between them, drawn out |
What is addition? | Joining two or more molecules together to form a larger molecule |
What is polymerisation? | Joining together lots of simple molecules to form a large one |
What is elimination? | When a small group of atoms breaks away from a larger molecule |
What is substitution? | When one species is replaced by another |
What is hydrolysis? | Splitting a molecule into two molecules by adding H+ and OH- derived from water |
What is a species? | An atom, an ion, a radical or a molecule |
What is a nucleophile? | An electron pair donor, often negatively charged ions or species with a lone pair |
What are nucleophiles attracted to? | A delta positive Carbon |
What is an electrophile? | Electron pair acceptors, positively charged ions attracted to electron rich areas |
What is a radical? | A species with an unpaired electron |
What are structural isomers? | The molecular formula is the same but the structural formula is different |
What are chain isomers? | The carbon chain is arranged differently |
What are positional isomers? | Where the functional group is attached to a different carbon |
What are functional group isomers? | The isomers have different functional groups |
Can atoms rotate around a C-C bond? | Yes |
What type of hydrocarbons are alkanes? | Saturated |
What are the two types of fission? | Homolytic and heterolytic |
What is heterolytic fission? | The bond breaks unevenly with one of the bonded atoms receiving both electrons from the bonded pair |
What is homolytic fission? | The bond breaks evenly and each bonding atom receives one electron from the pair |
What does heterolytic fission produce? | Two ions, one + and one - |
What does homolytic fission produce? | Two radicals |
In what reactions do alkanes react with halogens? | Free radical substitution |
What are the steps of free radical substitution? | Initiation |
What is photodissociation? | When radicals are produced by sunlight in Cl-Cl bonds |
What happens in propagation reactions? | Radicals are created and used up |
What can happen in propagation between methane and a chlorine radical? | Cl. + CH4 ——> CH3. + HCl | .CH3 + Cl2 ——> CH3Cl + Cl. |
What happens in termination reactions? | Radicals are used up as they react with each other |
What is the main problem with free radical substitution? | A mixture of products is created |
What is crude oil mainly made up of? | Alkanes |
What temperature is used to vaporise crude oil? | 350 degrees C |