Chemistry /Edexcel A Level Chemistry: Organic Chemistry I Part 3

Edexcel A Level Chemistry: Organic Chemistry I Part 3

Chemistry30 CardsCreated 10 days ago

This deck covers key concepts from organic chemistry, including isomerism, reactions of alkenes, and properties of alcohols and halogenoalkanes.

When is cis/trans isomerism used?

When there are two groups the same, no matter of their priority
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
When is cis/trans isomerism used?
When there are two groups the same, no matter of their priority
How are dihalogenoalkanes made?
By reacting halogens with alkenes
How are alcohols made from alkenes?
Through steam hydration
How are diols made from alkenes?
Oxidation by acidified potassium dichromate
How many products are formed when hydrogen halides are added to unsymmetrical alkenes?
Two
What is Markownikoff's rule?
The major product from addition of hydrogen halides to unsymmetrical alkenes is the one where the hydrogen adds to the carbon with the most hydrogens ...

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TermDefinition
When is cis/trans isomerism used?
When there are two groups the same, no matter of their priority
How are dihalogenoalkanes made?
By reacting halogens with alkenes
How are alcohols made from alkenes?
Through steam hydration
How are diols made from alkenes?
Oxidation by acidified potassium dichromate
How many products are formed when hydrogen halides are added to unsymmetrical alkenes?
Two
What is Markownikoff's rule?
The major product from addition of hydrogen halides to unsymmetrical alkenes is the one where the hydrogen adds to the carbon with the most hydrogens already attached (ie ones with alkyl groups)
What do alkenes join up to form?
Addition polymers
What are the different methods for disposing of polymers?
Waste plastics can be buried, reused or burned
When is landfill used to dispose of plastics?
When they are difficult to separate from other waste Not are not in sufficient quantities to make separation worthwhile Too difficult to technically recycle
How can waste plastics be reused?
They can be melted and remoulded | They can be cracked into monomers and resued again
What can the burning of waste plastics be used for?
Generating electricity

How can making polymers be made sustainable?

Use reactant molecules that are as safe and environmentally friendly as possible
Use as few other materials, eg solvents, as possible
Use renewable raw materials
Keep energy use to a minimum

What is a primary halogenoalkane?
One alkyl group attached to Carbon with X bonded
What is a tertiary halogenoalkane?
Three alkyl groups attached to Carbon with X bonded
What can halogenoalkanes be hydrolysed to form?
Alcohols
Why are iodoalkanes hydrolysed the fastest?
Iodoalkanes have the longest, weakest bonds, which are easiest to break

How can the rate of hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes be compared?

Mix halogenoalkane with ethanol
Add silver nitrate
Time how long it take for precipitate to form

Halogenoalkane + Aqueous KOH ---->
Alcohol + KX
Hlaogenoalkane + CN- ---->
Nitrile + X-
Halogenoalkane + NH3 ---->
Amine + NH4+
Halogenoalkane + KOH + Ethanol + reflux ---->
Alkene + H2O + KBr
Alcohol + PCl5 ---->
Chloroalkane + HCl + POCl3
Alcohol + HBr ---->
Bromoalkane + H2O
Alcohol + PI3 ---->
Iodoalkane + H3PO3
Alcohol + acid catalyst + heat ---->
Alkene + water
What is the simplest way to oxidise alcohols?
Burn them
What can primary alcohols be oxidised to?
Aldehydes, then carboxylic acids
What can secondary alcohols be oxidised to?
Ketones
What can tertiary alcohols be oxidised to?
Nothing - they can't be oxidised
What is used to oxidise alcohols?
Acidified potassium dichromate