Chemistry /Edexcel A Level Chemistry: Organic Chemistry I Part 3
When is cis/trans isomerism used?
When there are two groups the same, no matter of their priority
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
When is cis/trans isomerism used?
When there are two groups the same, no matter of their priority
How are dihalogenoalkanes made?
By reacting halogens with alkenes
How are alcohols made from alkenes?
Through steam hydration
How are diols made from alkenes?
Oxidation by acidified potassium dichromate
How many products are formed when hydrogen halides are added to unsymmetrical alkenes?
Two
What is Markownikoff's rule?
The major product from addition of hydrogen halides to unsymmetrical alkenes is the one where the hydrogen adds to the carbon with the most hydrogens ...
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Term | Definition |
---|---|
When is cis/trans isomerism used? | When there are two groups the same, no matter of their priority |
How are dihalogenoalkanes made? | By reacting halogens with alkenes |
How are alcohols made from alkenes? | Through steam hydration |
How are diols made from alkenes? | Oxidation by acidified potassium dichromate |
How many products are formed when hydrogen halides are added to unsymmetrical alkenes? | Two |
What is Markownikoff's rule? | The major product from addition of hydrogen halides to unsymmetrical alkenes is the one where the hydrogen adds to the carbon with the most hydrogens already attached (ie ones with alkyl groups) |
What do alkenes join up to form? | Addition polymers |
What are the different methods for disposing of polymers? | Waste plastics can be buried, reused or burned |
When is landfill used to dispose of plastics? | When they are difficult to separate from other waste
Not are not in sufficient quantities to make separation worthwhile
Too difficult to technically recycle |
How can waste plastics be reused? | They can be melted and remoulded
| They can be cracked into monomers and resued again |
What can the burning of waste plastics be used for? | Generating electricity |
How can making polymers be made sustainable? | Use reactant molecules that are as safe and environmentally friendly as possible |
What is a primary halogenoalkane? | One alkyl group attached to Carbon with X bonded |
What is a tertiary halogenoalkane? | Three alkyl groups attached to Carbon with X bonded |
What can halogenoalkanes be hydrolysed to form? | Alcohols |
Why are iodoalkanes hydrolysed the fastest? | Iodoalkanes have the longest, weakest bonds, which are easiest to break |
How can the rate of hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes be compared? | Mix halogenoalkane with ethanol |
Halogenoalkane + Aqueous KOH ----> | Alcohol + KX |
Hlaogenoalkane + CN- ----> | Nitrile + X- |
Halogenoalkane + NH3 ----> | Amine + NH4+ |
Halogenoalkane + KOH + Ethanol + reflux ----> | Alkene + H2O + KBr |
Alcohol + PCl5 ----> | Chloroalkane + HCl + POCl3 |
Alcohol + HBr ----> | Bromoalkane + H2O |
Alcohol + PI3 ----> | Iodoalkane + H3PO3 |
Alcohol + acid catalyst + heat ----> | Alkene + water |
What is the simplest way to oxidise alcohols? | Burn them |
What can primary alcohols be oxidised to? | Aldehydes, then carboxylic acids |
What can secondary alcohols be oxidised to? | Ketones |
What can tertiary alcohols be oxidised to? | Nothing - they can't be oxidised |
What is used to oxidise alcohols? | Acidified potassium dichromate |