Apple's iPhone outsells all other smart phones, so it must be the best smart phone on the market.
What is the conclusion?
It is the best smart phone on the market
Key Terms
Apple's iPhone outsells all other smart phones, so it must be the best smart phone on the market.
What is the conclusion?
It is the best smart phone on the market
Apple's iPhone outsells all other smart phones, so it must be the best smart phone on the market.
What type of logical argument is it?
Appeal to popularity - the fact that many people buy the iPhone does not necessarily mean it is the best smart phone on the market.
Fifty years of searching has not revealed life on other planets, so life in the universe must be confined to Earth.
What is the premise and the conclusion?
Premise: Fifty years of searching has not revealed life on other planets. Conclusion: Life in the universe must be confined to Earth.
Fifty years of searching has not revealed life on other planets, so life in the universe must be confined to Earth.
What's the fallacy here?
The premise is stated according to a lack of evidence of the opposite of the conclusion
He refused to testify by invoking his Fifth Amendment rights, so he must be guilty.
What is the premise and the conclusion?
Premise: He refused to testify by invoking his 5th amendment rights. Conclusion: he must be guilty.
He refused to testify by invoking his Fifth Amendment rights, so he must be guilty.
What's the fallacy here?
The conclusion is stated as if it were the only possible conclusion
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Apple's iPhone outsells all other smart phones, so it must be the best smart phone on the market. | It is the best smart phone on the market |
Apple's iPhone outsells all other smart phones, so it must be the best smart phone on the market. | Appeal to popularity - the fact that many people buy the iPhone does not necessarily mean it is the best smart phone on the market. |
Fifty years of searching has not revealed life on other planets, so life in the universe must be confined to Earth. | Premise: Fifty years of searching has not revealed life on other planets. Conclusion: Life in the universe must be confined to Earth. |
Fifty years of searching has not revealed life on other planets, so life in the universe must be confined to Earth. | The premise is stated according to a lack of evidence of the opposite of the conclusion |
He refused to testify by invoking his Fifth Amendment rights, so he must be guilty. | Premise: He refused to testify by invoking his 5th amendment rights. Conclusion: he must be guilty. |
He refused to testify by invoking his Fifth Amendment rights, so he must be guilty. | The conclusion is stated as if it were the only possible conclusion |
I will not give money to the tsunami relief organization. After I last gave to a charity, an audit showed that most of the money was used to pay its administrators in the front office. | After I last gave to a charity, an audit showed that most of the money was used to pay its administrators in the front office. |
I will not give money to the tsunami relief organization. After I last gave to a charity, an audit showed that most of the money was used to pay its administrators in the front office. | I will not give money to the tsunami relief organization |
I will not give money to the tsunami relief organization. After I last gave to a charity, an audit showed that most of the money was used to pay its administrators in the front office. | The conclusion is based on a personal allegation and uses ignorance about the truth to conclude the opposite. |
I will not give money to the tsunami relief organization. After I last gave to a charity, an audit showed that most of the money was used to pay its administrators in the front office. | Appeal to ignorance, personal attack |
One candidate favors eliminating affirmative action programs. The other candidate states: "my opponent doesn't think there's anything wrong with discrimination" | strawman! |
p: X has some property. | Americans have some property, which is using more gasoline that europeans. Therefore, Jake must have the same property of using more gasoline than europeans. |
Each of my brother's three dogs has fleas. Therefore, all dogs have fleas. | Hasty generalization |
If proposition Q fails, your children won't have good schools. | Appeal to emotion |
You should brush your teeth every day because brushing your teeth is very important. | Circular reasoning |
We intend to catch him, dead or alive | The statement makes sense because when the man the statement is referring to is caught, he must be either dead or alive |
The sun is shining is a... | Proposition because it is a complete sentence that makes an assertion |
I did not take the pencil.. | is a proposition a complete sentence that makes a denial |
Two doors down the hall... | is not a proposition because it does not make an assertion |
the sky is purple... | is a proposition because it is a complete sentence that makes an assertion |
disjunction | given two propositions p and q, the statement p or q is called their disjunction. it is false only if p and q are both false |
In p and q truth table, what is true? | p and q is true when both p and q are true |
for p or q truth table, when is p or q true? | - when p is true and q is false |
in a p and q truth table, what is true? | - when p is false and q is true |
Negation of: "Australia is in the southern hemisphere" | Australia is not in the southern hemisphere |
What is the truth value of the original proposition and the negation for "Australia is in the southern hemisphere" | The truth value of the original proposition is true. The truth value of the negation is false. |
Negation of "Wednesday does not come after Tuesday" | Wednesday comes after Tuesday |
Sarah did not decline the offer to go to dinner. Did Sarah go to dinner? | The first negation "decline the offer" makes it seem that Sarah would not go to dinner. But the statement negates this negation, "did not decline the offer." Therefore, Sarah accepts the offer to go to dinner. |
Paul denies that he opposes the plan to build a new dorm. Does Paul support building a new dorm? | The first negation "opposes the plan" makes it seem that Paul would not support the new dorm. But the statement negates this negation, "Paul denies that he opposes the plan." Therefore, it seems that Paul supports the plan for the new dorm. |
NEGATE! Some athletes are musicians | No athlete is a musician |
In "Bananas are vegetables and peas are fruit", what is p? | Bananas are vegetables! |
In "Bananas are vegetables and peas are fruit", what is q? | Peas are fruit |
In "Bananas are vegetables and peas are fruit", what is the truth value of p and q? | Both are false |
In "Bananas are vegetables and peas are fruit", is the entire proposition true or false? | Is FALSE because p is false and q is false |
What two propositions are similar? | Conditional and Contrapositive, and Converse and Inverse |
Only the strongest survive disaster. | If you survive disaster, then you are the strongest. |
When are two statements logically equivalent? | Two statements logically equivalent if they have the same truth values |
what is a chain of conditionals? | a type of deductive argument that involves three or more conditionals |
affriming the hypothesis | if p, then q (p is true, q is true) |
affirming the conclusion | if p, then q (q is true, p is true) |
denying the hypothesis | if p, then q (p is not true, q is not true) |
denying the conclusion | q is not true, p is not true |
p: if you live in baltimore, then you live in maryland | denying the hypothesis |
denying the hypothesis causes the argument to be... | invalid |
denying the conclusion's validity is? | valid |
affirming the hypothesis validity is? | valid |
affirming the conclusion's validity is? | invalid |