OCR A-Level Chemistry: Module 4 - Core Organic Chemistry
This flashcard set covers ethanol’s solubility and stereoisomerism, industrial production methods with equations, and the formation of esters. It also compares fermentation and hydration processes in terms of sustainability, focusing on resource availability, energy use, and atom economy.
Ethane-1,2-diol can be dissolved in water to act as an anti-freeze in car radiators. Explain why ethane-1,2-diol is very soluble in water (2)
Has OH bonds
Forms hydrogen bonds with water molecules
Key Terms
Ethane-1,2-diol can be dissolved in water to act as an anti-freeze in car radiators. Explain why ethane-1,2-diol is very soluble in water (2)
Has OH bonds
Forms hydrogen bonds with water molecules
What type of stereoisomerism is shown by alkenes? (1)
E/Z isomerism
Identify the two main methods used in the industrial production of ethanol.
Write an equation for each method (4)
Fermentation of sugars
C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Hydration of ethene
C2H4 + H2O -> C2H5OH
A student heated an alcohol with a carboxylic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst. Name the functional group of the organic product (1)
Ester
Ethanol can be manufactured by fermentation of sugars (C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2) or hydration of ethene (C2H4 + H2O -> C2H5OH)
Compare the sustainability of these methods in terms of: availability of starting materials and energy requirements, and atom economy (7)
Availability of materials:
Sugar is renewable because it can be grown
Ethane is finite because it is from processing crude oil
Energy:
...
Write a balanced equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid. Use [O] to
represent the oxidising agent (2)
C2H5OH + 2[O] -> CH3COOH + H2O
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Ethane-1,2-diol can be dissolved in water to act as an anti-freeze in car radiators. Explain why ethane-1,2-diol is very soluble in water (2) | Has OH bonds Forms hydrogen bonds with water molecules |
What type of stereoisomerism is shown by alkenes? (1) | E/Z isomerism |
Identify the two main methods used in the industrial production of ethanol. | Fermentation of sugars |
A student heated an alcohol with a carboxylic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst. Name the functional group of the organic product (1) | Ester |
Ethanol can be manufactured by fermentation of sugars (C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2) or hydration of ethene (C2H4 + H2O -> C2H5OH) | Availability of materials: |
Write a balanced equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid. Use [O] to | C2H5OH + 2[O] -> CH3COOH + H2O |
Fermentation only occurs in the presence of yeast. State two other essential | Choose 2 from: |
How would you know when fermentation of glucose is complete? (1) | No more bubbles |
State a suitable reagent for dehydrating an alcohol (1) | H3PO4 |
Explain what is meant by low volatility (1) |
|
Explain what is meant by intermolecular bonds (1) | Bonds between molecules |
What type of intermolecular bond is found between alcohol molecules? (1) | Hydrogen bonds |
State a suitable oxidising mixture for an alcohol to a carboxylic acid (1) | H2SO4/K2Cr2O7 |
State a suitable catalyst for esterification (1) | H2SO4 |
Citronellol has a C=C, state what you would see when bromine is added (1) | Decolourises |
Suggest a catalyst for hydrogenation (1) | Nickel |
Kerosene is obtained from crude oil. Name the process used to obtain kerosene from crude oil and explain why the process works (2) | Fractional distillation Because fractions have different boiling points |
Explain why the straight chain isomer of C10H22 has a higher boiling point than | Decane has more surface contact Decane has more London forces |
Explain why the straight chain isomer of C10H22 is converted by the petroleum industry into its branched chain isomers (1) | Branched chains have more efficient combustion |
Suggest, with the aid of an equation, how NO is formed within an aeroplane engine (1) | N2 + O2 -> 2NO |
Describe the mechanism for the radical substitution of methane by bromine to make bromomethane Use the mechanism to suggest why a small amount of ethane is also formed (7) | Initiation: Br2 -> 2Br• Propagation: Br• + CH4 -> HBr + •CH3 •CH3 + Br2 -> CH3Br + Br• Termination: Br• + •CH3 -> CH3Br Ethane made when two methyl radicals react •CH3 + •CH3 -> C2H6 |
What is the name of the process used to convert long chain alkanes into more useful shorter chain alkenes? (1) | Cracking |
Why does incomplete combustion sometimes take place? (1) | Not enough O2 |
Chlorine radicals, Cl•, catalyse some reactions Write down an equation for the overall reaction and show how they are not consumed by the overall reaction (3) | Cl• + O3 -> •ClO + O2 |
As number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain increases, boiling point increases. Explain this trend (1) | More intermolecular forces |
What is meant by the term radical? (1) | Species with an unpaired electron |
State the conditions necessary to bring about the formation of the chlorine free radicals from Cl2 (1) | UV light |
State the type of bond fission involved in the formation of the chlorine radicals (1) | Homolytic fission |
State what is meant by the term hydrocarbon (1) | Compound containing hydrogen and carbon only |
Suggest a type of reactant that could be used to remove the HCl after it is formed from a polymer's incineration (1) | Alkali |
Disposal of polymers causes environmental damage | Describe two ways chemists can reduce this damage (2) | Develop photodegradable polymers | Develop biodegradabale polymers |
Once polymers have been used, they become waste. | Outline two ways that waste polymers are processed usefully, rather than just dumped in landfill sites. (2) | Separation into types and recycling | Combustion for energy generation |
What is meant by the term | electrophile? (1) | Electron pair acceptor |
State the problem associated with the combustion of polymers such as pvc (1) | Harmful fumes are produced |
State two ways in which chemists are trying to minimise the damage to the environment caused by the disposal of halogenated plastics such as pvc (2) | Crack polymers | Used a feedstock |
State the type of polymerisation that alkenes undergo (1) | Addition polymerisation |
What is meant by unsaturated? (1) | Contains a double bond |
Explain the term atom economy (1) | Sum of the molecular masses of the desired products/sum of molecular masses of all products |
A compound has a double bond but does not have E/Z isomerism, why? (1) | One of the C in C=C is joined to two groups that are the same |
CFCs are now largely banned because of their ozone-depleting properties | CFCs are still being used | There are other ozone depleting substances |
Suggest which bond is most likely to be broken when CF3Cl is exposed to | C-Cl bond | Weaker bond |
Explain what is meant by the term homolytic fission (2) | Homolytic - bonded pair split equally | Fission - bond breaking |
Explain why 1-iodopropane is hydrolysed faster than 1-bromopropane (2) | C-I bonds broken more easily | C-I bonds have less bond enthalpy |
State a use of mass spectrometry outside of the laboratory (1) | Breathalysers |
An alcohol is oxidised to an aldehyde, why is the reaction carried out with distillation not under reflux (2) | Distillation allows loss of volatile components | Prevents formation of RCOOH |
Suggest how an HBr molecule can act as an electrophile (1) | H atom of HBr accepts a pair of electrons |