Organic Chemistry ACS Final Exam
The general structure of a ketone, an organic compound characterized by a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon-containing groups (R and R′). Ketones are important functional groups commonly found in biochemistry and synthetic organic chemistry, and are frequently tested on the ACS Organic Chemistry Final Exam.
ketone
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
ketone | |
aldehyde | |
carboxylic acid | |
ester | |
amide | |
anhydride | |
amine | |
ether | |
constitutional isomers | same formula, different connectivity |
stereoisomers | same formula, different spatial arrangement |
enantiomers | non-superimposable mirror images |
diastereomers | stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other |
R configuration | clockwise |
S configuration | counter clockwise |
what functional groups does a peptide bond contain | amide |
what functional groups does a lipid contain | esters |
what functional groups do amino acids contain? | aromatic rings |
meso compound | molecule with multiple stereo centers and it is superimposable on its mirror image |
NO2 prefix | nitro |
CH=CH2 prefix | vinyl |
CH2CH=CH2 prefix | allyl |
phenol | |
benzoic acid | |
aniline | |
toluene | |
three types of disubstituted benzenes | ortho-1,2 |
benzene | |
as you increase heat of combustion, what happens stability? | it decreases |
Carbon 13 NMR Resonances | 0-80 sp3c |
H 1 NMR Resonances | 0.9-1.5 sp3 C |
IR Resonances | 3400 OH and NH |
what is the difference between phenyl and benzyl? | benzyl has CH2 in between the ring and the substituted chain |
bond angle for sp2 hybridized? | 109.5 |
what are 2 key things to lewis structures? | 1. filled octets |
if a ring has a charge, then it is ____ | aromatic |
a strong acid corresponds to? | a weak base |
what does a double bond right next to acidic H mean? | it is more acidic |
low pKa value means it is... | more acidic |
how does hybridization relate to acidity? | the more S character it is, the more acidic |
a hydrogen next to an electronegative atom will always be... | more acidic |
how do you determine if molecules are meso isomers? | needs to be chiral and needs to have a plane of symmetry |
how do you find most stable newman projection? | it will have less gauche interactions |
what are wedges and dashes in fischer projections? | horizontal-wedge |
if only one stereo center is flipped in a molecule, they are... | diastereomers |
do racemic mixtures get plane polarized light? | no, they cancel each other out |
do meso compounds get plane polarized light? | no, they cannot bend light |
what can triple bonds not do stereoisomerically? | exhibit cis or trans |
what can an enantiomer not have? | a plane of symmetry |
what happens with a dehydrohalogenation reaction? | H wants to attack and form a double bond to increase stability |
a strong acid corresponds to a ________ nucleophile | weak |
how do you tell if it is a syn or anti addition? | Syn- two atoms are either both forward/back |
where does hydroboration put the substituent? | on the less substituted side (anti-markovnikov) |
what are the most stable types of free radicals? | allylic or benzylic |
what are the 3 steps of a free radical reaction? | initiation-goes from 0-1 radicals |
what is the energy of propagations like? | very low activation energy |
what does non-regioselective mean in terms of energy? | it goes down in energy |
what does it mean if an alcohol absorbance peak on the IR spectrum is abnormally wide? | it is a carboxylic acid |
what does chromic acid do? | it turns C-H bonds into C-O bonds |
E2 reactions favor ______ alkyl halides | tertiary |
what is the trick for predicting major products of E2 reactions? | if the base is sterically hindered, then the major product will be the LESS substituted alkene |
what is the reagent BH3 * THF used for? | hydroboration-oxidation |
how could you tell if a pair were resonance structures? | atoms cannot be moved, only pi bonds and lone pairs |
which is more acidic: OH or NH? | OH |
which hybridization is the most acidic? | sp>sp2>sp3 |