2022 NR507 Pathophysiology Final Exam With Answers (75 Solved Questions)

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Question 12 / 2 ptsTissue damage caused by the deposition of circulating immune complexescontaining an antibody against the host DNA is the cause of which disease?Hemolytic anemiaPernicious anemiaSystemic lupus erythematosusMyasthenia gravisOnly the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an antibodyagainst the host DNA produce tissue damage in individuals with systemic lupuserythematosus (SLE).Question 22 / 2 ptsHow does chest wall compliance in an infant differ from that of an adult?An adult’s chest wall compliance is lower than an infant’s.An adult’s chest wall compliance is higher than an infant’s.An adult’s chest wall compliance is the same as an infant’s.An adult’s chest wall compliance is dissimilar to that of an infant’s.Chest wall compliance is higher in infants than it is in adults, particularly inpremature infants.Question 32 / 2 pts

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What term is used to describe a hernial protrusion of a saclike cyst that containsmeninges, spinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord through a defect in aposterior arch of a vertebra?EncephaloceleMeningoceleSpina bifida occultaMyelomeningoceleMyelomeningocele is a hernial protrusion of a saclike cyst containing meninges,spinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord with its nerves through a defect in theposterior arch of a vertebra. The remaining options are not appropriate terms toidentity the described condition.Question 42 / 2 ptsContinued therapy of pernicious anemia (PA) generally lasts how long?6 to 8 weeks8 to 12 monthsUntil the iron level is normalThe rest of one’s lifeBecause PA cannot be cured, maintenance therapy is a life-long endeavor.Question 52 / 2 ptsCytokines are thought to cause fevers by stimulating the synthesis of whichchemical mediator?

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LeukotrieneHistamineProstaglandinBradykininCytokines seem to raise the thermoregulatory set point through stimulation ofprostaglandin synthesis and turnover in thermoregulatory (brain) andnonthermoregulatory (peripheral) tissues. The other options do not accuratelyidentify the appropriate chemical mediator.Question 62 / 2 ptsThe World Health Organization (WHO) defines grade 1 (overweight) as a BMI of:18.5 to 24.925 to 29.930 to 39.940 to 50.9A BMI of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2is considered a grade 1 (overweight) classification. ABMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2is considered normal range, whereas 30 to 39.9kg/m2is a grade 2 (severe overweight) classification, and a BMI higher than 40kg/m2is considered grade 3 (morbidly overweight).IncorrectQuestion 70 / 2 ptsWhen diagnosed with hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), why does thenewborn develop hyperbilirubinemia after birth but not in utero?Excretion of unconjugated bilirubin through the placenta into the mother’scirculation is no longer possible.

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Hemoglobin does not break down into bilirubin in the intrauterine environment.The liver of the fetus is too immature to conjugate bilirubin from a lipid-soluble towater-soluble form.The destruction of erythrocytes producing bilirubin is greater after birth.Hyperbilirubinemiaoccurs in the neonate after birth because excretion of lipid-solubleunconjugated bilirubin through the placenta is no longerpossible. Thisselection is the only option that accurately explains why HDN causeshyperbilirubinemia after birth but not in utero.Question 82 / 2 ptsWhich of the following describes how the body compensates for anemia?Increasing rate and depth of breathingDecreasing capillary vasoconstrictionHemoglobin holding more firmly onto oxygenKidneys releasing more erythropoietinTissue hypoxia creates additional demands and compensatory actions on thepulmonary and hematologic systems. The rate and depth of breathing increase inan attempt to increase the availability of oxygen. This selection is the only optionthat accurately describes the compensation mechanism in such anemias.Question 92 / 2 ptsAn infant has a continuous machine-type murmur best heard at the left uppersternal border throughout systole and diastole, as well as a bounding pulse and athrill on palpation. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenitalheart defect?Atrial septal defect (ASD)

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Ventricular septal defect (VSD)Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defectIf pulmonary vascular resistance has fallen, then infants with PDA willcharacteristically have a continuous machine-type murmur best heard at the leftupper sternal border throughout systole and diastole. If the PDA is significant,then the infant also will have bounding pulses, an active precordium, a thrill onpalpation, and signs and symptoms of pulmonary overcirculation. Thepresentations of the other congenital heart defects are not consistent with thedescribed the symptoms.Question 102 / 2 ptsResearch has shown a link between cancer and which sexually transmitteddisease?SyphilisGonorrheaHuman papillomavirusPelvic inflammatory diseaseHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus inthe United States. High-risk, or oncogenic, HPVs can cause cancer. Apersistence of infection with high-risk HPV is a prerequisite for the developmentof cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions and invasive cervical cancers.No research supports such a link between the remaining options and cancer.Question 112 / 2 ptsWhen renin is released, it is capable of which action?Inactivation of autoregulation

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Direct activation of angiotensin IIDirect release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)Formation of angiotensin IWhen renin is released, it cleaves an α-globulin (angiotensinogen produced byliver hepatocytes) in the plasma to form angiotensin I.Question 122 / 2 ptsWhat characteristic do atopic individuals have that make them geneticallypredisposed to develop allergies?Greater quantities of histamineMore histamine receptorsGreater quantities of IgEA deficiency in epinephrineAtopic individuals tend to produce higher quantities of IgE and to have morecrystalline fragment (Fc) receptors for IgE on their mast cells. The other optionsdo not cause this reaction.Question 132 / 2 ptsWhat is the primary cause of the symptoms of polycythemia vera?Decreased erythrocyte countDestruction of erythrocytes

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Increased blood viscosityNeurologic involvementAs polycythemia vera progresses, many of the symptoms are related to theincreased blood cellularity and viscosity. No other option is the primary cause ofthe symptoms of polycythemia vera.Question 142 / 2 ptsPressure in the left ventricle must exceed pressure in which structure before theleft ventricle can eject blood?Superior vena cavaAortaInferior vena cavaPulmonary veinsPressure in the ventricle must exceed aortic pressure before blood can bepumped out during systole. The aorta is the only structure in which pressuremust be less than the amount of blood in the left ventricle for ejection to occur.Question 152 / 2 ptsChildren with phenylketonuria (PKU) are unable to synthesize:Essential amino acid, phenylalanine, to tyrosineRenin, erythropoietin, and antidiuretic hormoneAldosterone, cortisol, and androgens

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Neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholinePKU is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by the inability of the body toconvert the essential amino acid, phenylalanine, to tyrosine. PKU does not affectsynthesis of the other options.Question 162 / 2 ptsWhat is the chance with each pregnancy that a child born to two parents with thesickle trait will have sickle cell disease (SCD)?20%25%33%50%A 25% chance exists with each pregnancy that a child born to two parents withsickle cell trait will have SCD. Genetic counseling enables people with SCD orwith the sickle cell trait to make informed decisions about transmitting this geneticdisorder to their offspring.Question 172 / 2 ptsCarcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissueorigin?Blood vesselsEpithelial cellsConnective tissueGlandular tissue

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Only cancers arising from epithelial cells are calledcarcinomas.Question 182 / 2 ptsChvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance?HypokalemiaHyperkalemiaHypocalcemiaHypercalcemiaTwo clinical signs of hypocalcemia are the Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign.These clinical signs are not indicative of any of the other options.Question 192 / 2 ptsThe ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host is referred to as:InfectivityToxigenicityPathogenicityVirulenceInfectivity is the ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host. Theother options do not accurately denote the pathogen’s ability to invade andmultiply in the host.Question 202 / 2 pts

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An infant has a crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur locatedbetween the second and third intercostal spaces along the left sternal border. Awide fixed splitting of the second heart sound is also found. These clinicalfindings are consistent with which congenital heart defect?Atrial septal defect (ASD)Ventricular septal defect (VSD)Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defectBecause most children with ASD are asymptomatic, diagnosis is usually madeduring a routine physical examination by the auscultation of a crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur that reflects increased blood flow throughthe pulmonary valve. The location of the murmur is between the second and thirdintercostal spaces along the left sternal border. A wide fixed splitting of thesecond heart sound is also characteristic of ASD, reflecting volume overload tothe right ventricle and causing prolonged ejection time and a delay of pulmonicvalve closure. The presentations of other congenital heart defects are notconsistent with the described symptoms.Question 212 / 2 ptsWhich cancer originates from connective tissue?Osteogenic sarcomaBasal cell carcinomaMultiple myelomaAdenocarcinoma

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