2024 NR507 Pathophysiology Final Exam With Answers (356 Solved Questions)

Preview (16 of 83 Pages)

100%

Purchase to unlock

Loading page image...

NR507 /NR 507 FINAL EXAM ADVANCEDPATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024 EXAM 450QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIEDANSWERS AND RATIONALES /BRANDNEW!! /A+ GRADE ASSUREDWhat part of the body do we typically see symptoms fromautonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes?-...ANSWER...GI:decreased esophageal motility, gastroporesis and delayedgastric emptyingSymptoms of hypoglycemia (6)-...ANSWER...tachycardia,palpitations, diaphoresis, tremors, pallor and arousal anxietyWhat do we teach diabetics about how to avoidhypoglycemia?-...ANSWER...don't skip meals, take medsappropriately and pay attention to carbsCause of primary hyperparathyroidism-...ANSWER...parathyroid tumorcause of secondary hyperparathyroidism-...ANSWER...increased PTH secretion in response tohypocalcemiaWhat typically accompanies hypercalcemia-...ANSWER...hypophosphatemia

Loading page image...

Main symptom of hypercalcemia-...ANSWER...osteoporosisin distal 1/3rd of the radiusRisk factors of hypoparathyroidism (4)-...ANSWER...Alcoholics, malabsorption, increased renalclearance of mag, chemo drugsSymptoms of hypocalcemia (8)-...ANSWER...dry skin, lossof body and scalp hair, hypoplasia of teeth, ridges on nails,cataracts, basal ganglia calcifications,bone deformities andbowing of long bonesAnother term for hypercortisolism-...ANSWER...cushingssyndromeMain characteristics of cushings syndrome-...ANSWER...buffalo hump, moon face and truncal obesityWhat is the biggest signal of adrenal crisis?-...ANSWER...HypotensionWhat can cause adrenal crisis?-...ANSWER...Improperweaning off glucocorticoid medskey symptoms associated with parkinson's disease (5)-...ANSWER...shuffling gait, dysphagia, resting tremor,postural disturbance and dysarthiaRisk factors for MS (3)-...ANSWER...smoking, vit Ddeficiency and epstein-barr viruswhat kind of disease is MS-...ANSWER...demyelinating

Loading page image...

characteristics of cluster headache-...ANSWER...unilateraltrigeminal distribution of severe pain with ipsilateralmanefistationssymptoms of cluster headache (3)-...ANSWER...tearing onaffected side, ptosis of ipsilateral eye and congestion of nasalmucosaWhere does pain refer to in cluster headaches (2)-...ANSWER...midface and teethcharacteristics of a migraine-...ANSWER...unilateral,throbbing pain that worsens with activitySymptoms of migraine headache (3)-...ANSWER...N/V,photophobia and phonophobiaWhat type of migraine is most common-...ANSWER...migraine without an auraCharacteristics of tension headache-...ANSWER...bilateralheadache that feels like a tight band around the headwhat type of headache is the most common-...ANSWER...tensionWhat cranial nerve is associated with bells palsy-...ANSWER...cranial nerve VIIWhat cranial nerve is associated with trigeminal neuralgia-...ANSWER...cranial nerve V

Loading page image...

Symptoms of bells palsy-...ANSWER...asymmetry andinability to close eye, smile or frown on affected sideSymptoms of trigeminal neuralgia-...ANSWER...severesharp stabbing pain that worsens with chewingsymptoms of bacterial meningitis or meningial irritation-...ANSWER...severe throbbing headache, severe photophobia,nuchual rigidity and positive kernig/brudinskiResult of infarct in the ACA-...ANSWER...motorcontralateral paralysis or paresis that is greater in the foot andthighresult of basal artery infarct-...ANSWER...loss of vibratorysense, sense of position with dysmetria, loss of two-pointdiscrimination, impaired rapid alternating movementcauses of rosacea (5)-...ANSWER...chronic sunexposure/damage, alcohol/hot beverage consumption,hormones, mites (demodex folliculorum) and mentalstress/anxietyMost aggressive skin cancer-...ANSWER...melanomaWhich of the following is true regarding a complicatedurinary tract infection?-...ANSWER...Can be caused by astructural urinary tract disorderWhich of the following is a risk factor for the development ofa urinary tract infection (UTI)?-...ANSWER...Pregnancy

Loading page image...

A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection includes:-...ANSWER...urgencyWomen are at a higher risk for the development of a UTIbecause of having a shorter urethra.-...ANSWER...trueWhich of the following can help to prevent a UTI?-...ANSWER...Increase water consumptionUncomplicated UTI-...ANSWER...Occurs in the normalurinary tractResponds well to short course of antibiotic therapySimple cystitis in non-pregnant women without any urologicabnormalitiesComplicated UTI-...ANSWER...UTI extends beyond thebladderCaused by structural or functional urinary tract abnormalitiesor untreated UTIInfants and older adults affectedAssociated with: indwelling catheters, renal calculi, diabetes,pregnancyA 25 year-old female presents to the primary care office withurinary burning and frequency for the last 3 days. She deniesany fever, chills, back pain. Her gynecological history isnegative and reports no vaginal discharge. The only newinformation reported is that she recently had sexualintercourse with a new male partner.The NP obtains a urinalysis and determines that the urinecontains leukocytes, RBCs, nitrites, and WBCs. No casts areidentified. Based on symptom presentation and UA results,the patient can be diagnosed with:-...ANSWER...cystitis

Loading page image...

J.S. is an 80-year-old patient who resides in a local nursinghome. He recently became confused and then fell whileambulating to the bathroom three days ago. Because of hisconfusion and fall, he was transferred to the acute carefacilityfor evaluation and treatment. Lab work revealed that thepatient was very dehydrated with hypernatremia identifiedand appropriate intravenous fluids started. Cystitis was alsoidentified from the urinalysis. He was also noted to have redand excoriated skin between the buttocks and inner thighs dueto urinary frequency and dribbling. To help with skin healingand to prevent further urine leakage, an indwelling catheterwas inserted. Two days after the catheter was placed, thepatient spiked a fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit associatedwith shaking chills. An intense, foul odor was noted in theurine. On examination of the flank area, the patient yelled outwhen touched. A urine c-...ANSWER...pyelonephritisIdentify the major risk factor J.S. has that is associated withpyelonephritis:-...ANSWER...indwelling foley catheterThe urinalysis of a patient with a complicated UTI will showWBCs and casts-...ANSWER...trueUpon examination of a urinalysis, the NP can highly suspectthat the causative bacteria are gram negative because of thepresence of:-...ANSWER...nitritesA 21-year-old patient reports to the primary care cliniccomplaining of urinary urgency, frequency and burning. Shealso reports a small amount of vaginal discharge that containsan odor. It is likely that the NP will perform a vaginal exam atthis visit.-...ANSWER...true

Loading page image...

The NP would know that the patient most likely has anuncomplicated UTI because:-...ANSWER...The UTIresponds well to a short course of antibiotic therapy.A common organism that causes a urinary tract infectioninclude:-...ANSWER...Staphylococcus saprophyticus.E coliThe purpose of straining in BPH is to overcome theobstruction encountered during urination.-...ANSWER...trueThe peripheral zone ofthe prostate is the largest zone.-...ANSWER...trueOn a digital rectal exam to assess the quality of the prostate,the NP would be concerned with which of the followingfindings?-...ANSWER...hard noduleThere is a significant risk for men with benign prostatichyperplasia (BPH) to develop cellular mutations that lead toprostate cancer.-...ANSWER...falseThe patient most often develops symptoms of BPH when:-...ANSWER...The prostatic urethra becomes obstructed.Irritative symptoms-...ANSWER...urinary frequencynocturiaurgency that results from bladder hypertrophy anddysfunctionobstructive symptoms-...ANSWER...incomplete emptyingpost-void dribbling

Loading page image...

The action of a 5-Alpha-reductase inhibitor causes:-...ANSWER...Shrinkage of the prostate gland.Men who have BPH are prone to developing a UTI because:-...ANSWER...Stagnated urine in the bladder promotesbacterial growth.The prostate specific antigen (PSA) helps to liquefy semenpost-ejaculation.-...ANSWER...trueThe underlying cause of BPH is that normal prostate cellsrespond to increases in dihydrotestosterone that causes themto live longer and multiply.-...ANSWER...trueThe location of the characteristic hyperplastic nodules of BPHis:-...ANSWER...In the periurethral zone.The type of stone that forms due to a urinary tract infection is:-...ANSWER...Struvite stone.Renal stones are formed when calcium and oxalate in theurine combine.-...ANSWER...trueRenal calculi are typically confined to the bladder.-...ANSWER...falseThe most common type of stone is:-...ANSWER...calciumstoneThe gold standard for diagnosing a renal stone is a urinalysis.-...ANSWER...false (ct scan)

Loading page image...

A 45-year-old male presents to the primary care office withright flank pain that he describes as unremitting; he alsoreports nausea and vomiting. The NP performs an exam andobserves him writhing in pain on the exam table with theinability to find a comfortable position. He is afebrile, BP156/88 mmHg and HR 106/min. Right flank is mildly tenderon palpation. Abdominal exam is negative for anyabnormality. A urinalysis was performed and revealed 1+blood. Urine microscopy also revealed 10-20 RBCs per high-power field (hpf). A kidney stone is suspected. The patientreports no prior history of akidney stone. After providing thepatient an analgesic, where the patient reported mild relief, theNP had the patient transferred to the emergency room forintravenous fluids, pain management and further work-up forthe kidney stone. Upon follow-up in the office a week later,the patient reported that he was diagnosed with-...ANSWER...adequate hydrationbalanced dietLithotripsy is an invasive procedure used to break up the stone-...ANSWER...falseThe most common stone found in the patient with goutis:-...ANSWER...uric acid stoneHematuria can be seen with kidney stones because:-...ANSWER...The stone injures the urinary structures as itpasses through them.Renal colic is caused by the passing of the stone through theureter.-...ANSWER...true

Loading page image...

At least half of individuals with renal stones will have areoccurrence within 10 years of the prior stone.-...ANSWER...trueWhich of the following actions will relax the detrusor muscleof the bladder?-...ANSWER...Activation of Beta-2 receptorsbythe sympathetic nervous system.The relay station in the brain that plays a major role inregulating micturition is:-...ANSWER...Pontine micturitioncenter.The location of the internal sphincter is under the urogenitaldiaphragm.-...ANSWER...false(located in the bladder)When the bladder is empty, the detrusor muscle relaxes, andthe internal and external sphincters constrict.-...ANSWER...trueThe levator ani muscle plays a major role in constriction ofthe external sphincter.-...ANSWER...truestress incontinence-...ANSWER...leakage of urine withactivityIncreased intra-abdominal pressure causes leaking becausethere is no resistance to counteract the intra-abdominalpressureurge incontinence-...ANSWER...leakage of urine withsensationof need to urinateDetrusor muscle hyperactivity leads to urine leakage

Loading page image...

neurogenic incontinence-...ANSWER...unimpeded urineleakageNeurological lesions alter nervous system impulses thatinnervate the detrusor muscle. The result is decreased bladdercompliance and decreased sphincter toneoverflow incontinence-...ANSWER...leakage of urine isassociated with urgency, frequency, dribbling, and hesitancyLeakage is due to retained urine in the bladder that leads toover-distentionA 54-year-old female reports to the primary care office withcomplaints of frequent urination. She reports that she is"leaking" urine several times a day, especially when shecoughs, sneezes, or lifts a heavy object. She indicates that shehas not experienced any dysuria orany urgency. The NPlooked at the patient's previous urine culture obtainedapproximately 1 month ago and determined that it wasnegative. Other than her urinary complaints, she is inotherwise good health. BP 128/76; HR 78 bpm; T 98.6; Ht.5'4"; Wt: 180lbs.; BMI 30.9. The NP performs a physicalexam and all findings are normal. The urinalysis obtained wasnegative as well.Based on patient's symptoms and negative physical exam, shehas a typical1. blank.The leaking occurs when the abdominal pressureincreasesduring coughing, sneezing, and lifting. We can rule out urgeincontinence because the denied urgency with her urination.We could not-...ANSWER...1. stress incontinence2. stress incontinence

Loading page image...

A sphincter malfunction that prevents urine from flowing outof the bladder would most likely result in:-...ANSWER...overflow incontinenceThe major cause of stress incontinence in women ishypermobility of the external sphincter.-...ANSWER...trueThe pathophysiology of neurogenic bladder is:-...ANSWER...Lesions alter nervous system impulses thatinnervate the detrusor muscle to decrease bladder complianceand decreased sphincter tone.Involuntary loss of urine caused by dementia or immobility isknown as:-...ANSWER...functional incontinenceWhich of the following is considered be a transient cause ofurinary incontinence?-...ANSWER...UTIA pre-renal cause of acute renal failure is:-...ANSWER...hypotensionOne of the first pathophysiological responses to the decreasedGFR in acute renal failure is:-...ANSWER...Activation of therenin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.One of the major markers for glomerular filtration rate iscreatinine.-...ANSWER...truePre-renal is the most common cause of acute renal failure.The most common cause of acute renal failure is due to a pre-renal failure.-...ANSWER...trueAcute renal failure-...ANSWER...Oliguria (< 30ml/hr).

Loading page image...

Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine.Fluid and electrolyte abnormalities.Pre-renal-...ANSWER...sudden and severe drop in bloodpressure or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys fromsevere injury or illnessIntra-renal-...ANSWER...direct damage to the kidneys byinflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or reduced bloodsupplyPost-renal-...ANSWER...suddenobstruction of urine flowdue to enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumor, orinjuryIn post-renal failure, the damage occurs in the collecting duct.-...ANSWER...truenIn intrinsic renal failure, sodium and water excretion isincreased which leads to a dilute urine.-...ANSWER...trueWhich of the following is the best indicator of a goodprognosis for recovery from acute renal failure?-...ANSWER...The kidney responds to furosemideWhich of the following is true regarding creatinine?-...ANSWER...Creatinine gets freely filtered from theglomerulus.One of the issues that requires management of a patient withacute renal failure is hypokalemia-...ANSWER...false(Hyperkalemia)

Loading page image...

The result of vitamin D deficiency results in:-...ANSWER...hypocalcemiaThe number one cause of end-stage renal disease is diabetesmellitus and hypertension combined.-...ANSWER...trueStage III kidney disease is signified when the GFR dropsbelow 60.-...ANSWER...trueWhich of the following is a complication of decreased GFR?-...ANSWER...anemiaThe anemia seen in renal failure is due to the lack or iron.-...ANSWER...false (Anemia occurs because there is a reducedproduction of erythropoietin which is responsible fortriggering the production of RBCs ratherthan the lack of ironor a decrease in the RBCs)stage 1-...ANSWER...There is kidney damage with normalor elevated GFR (90-120)Stage 2-...ANSWER...There is kidney damage with milddecrease in GFR (60-89)stage 3-...ANSWER...There is a moderatedecrease in GFR(30-59)stage 4-...ANSWER...There is a severe decrease in GFR (15-29)stage 5-...ANSWER...Kidney failure-End-stage renaldisease (<15 dialysis)

Loading page image...

Need dialysis with these symptoms-...ANSWER...Metabolicacidosis.Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes(peaked T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. Hyperkalemiaby itself is not an indication for dialysis.Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is anindication for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium,Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the bloodstream.The decision to begin dialysis is guided by the patient'ssymptoms rather than GFR.-...ANSWER...trueDiuretic therapy is used in Stage IV kidney failures tostimulate kidney function.-...ANSWER...false (diuretics usedfor stages 1-111 and dialysis for 4 and 5)The major acid/base disturbance in renal failure is:-...ANSWER...metabolic acidosisDietary management of a patient with CKD includes:-...ANSWER...low potassium, low sodium, and low phosphateThe Monoamine Deficiency Theory states that the underlyingbasis of depression is low levels of serotonin, norepinephrineand dopamine.-...ANSWER...trueDysthymia is a persistent depressive disorder used to describemilder symptoms of depression that happen over longerperiods of time.-...ANSWER...true

Preview Mode

This document has 83 pages. Sign in to access the full document!

Report

Study Now!

Document Details

Related Documents

NR507 Pathophysiology Case Study Week 3 With Answers (8 Solved Questions)

NR507 Pathophysiology Midterm Exam Week 4 With Answers (60 Solved Questions)

2022 NR507 Pathophysiology Final Exam With Answers (75 Solved Questions)

PETH 410 Midterm

EPI Notes

Understanding Hemodialysis Patient Guide and Meal

Newborn Assessment Critical Thinking Map

Maternal Health Theory and Applications

Gynecological Exam

Navigating the Difficulties of Addressing Intricat

Company

Explore

Study Tools