2023 NR545 Pathophysiology Practice Exam With Answers (62 Solved Questions)

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1.This area is themostcommon site for epistaxis to occur – Kiesselbach’s plexus2.This class of medication binds to specific receptors on beta cells in the pancreasto stimulate the release of insulin – Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides3.This acute situation in a patient with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism is usuallyprecipitated by infection or surgery. It is life threatening because of the resultinghyperthermia, tachycardia, and heart failure and delirium. Thyrotoxicosis4.These are chemical messengers that may be classified by action, source, orchemical structure. Hormones5.These two body systems work together to regulate metabolic activities. Endocrineand Neuro6.A harmless microbe that is normally resident in the intestine. E-coli7.This is the mechanism of action of tamsulosin when treating benign prostatichypertrophy. Alpha 1 blocker – bladder relaxation8.This condition is concerning in a client who has had pyelonephritis andsubsequent scarring – chronic renal failure9.This is indicative of the leakage of albumin into the filtrate due to inflammationand increased capillary permeabilityAPSGN – acute post-streptococcal GN10. This lab results indicates a failure to excrete nitrogen wastes duetodecreasedGFR – BUN and Serum Creatinine11.Mostcommon cause of hyperaldosteronism?Noncancerous (benign) tumor of the adrenal glandPheochromocytoma

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12. This class of medication reduces the amount of stomach acid produced in thelining of the stomach- PPIs13. This is a key difference between ST elevation myocardial infarction and non-STelevation myocardial infarction – ST elevation, complete/prolonged occlusion ofcoronary arteries14. In a person with ankylosing spondylitis, the most pain is typically experienced inthis position-supine15. This test is used to identify a definitive cause of bursitis?Physical exam16. This joint is a common site for the swan neck deformities in a client withrheumatoid arthritis – proximal interphalangeal joint17. This medication selectively blocks the effects of abnormal glutamate release –NMDA Memantine18. This disorder/disease results from a benign pituitary adenoma secreting excessadrenocorticotropic (ACTH).The high levels of ACTH in turn causes increasedproduction of cortisol from the adrenal cortex. – Cushing Syndrome19. This salivary gland is in the cheeks in front of the ear and secretes saliva throughthe Stensen's ducts - Parotid20. This involves the transfer of gases between air-filled spaces in the lungs and blood–Diffusion / Gas Exchange21. Statins reduce inflammation, modify composition, and promote stabilization of ___within the vessel wall – plaque stabilization22. This medication class is contraindicated in heart failure due to risk of fluidretention - CCB23. Thisbacteria categoryismost commonlyassociated with Urinary tractinfections-

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E-coli (gram negative) produces nitrites in urineUrine WBC 95% sensitivityUrine Leukocyte esterase 60-90% sensitivity24. This physical exam maneuver is completed by instructing the client to lift the rightleg against gentle pressure applied by the examiner to help indicate acuteappendicitis - Psoas25. This test is inexpensive and most reliable test for Helicobacter pylori – Breath testor Stool H. Pylori26. This organ structure produces and secretes bile to emulsify fats - liver27. This is themostcommon cause of hyperaldosteronism – tumor adrenal gland orpheo28. This condition causes an opacity on the lens and decreased visual acuity -cataract29. In male clients, this bacteria is themostcausative agent - E-coli UTI?30. The MOA of beta blockers in clients with heart failure – reduce myocardialworkload31. Use of carvedilol for heart failure has been associated with this compared toatenolol -Beta 2 blockade? – bronchoconstrictionCarvedilol is a mixed nonselective beta blocker affecting beta 1, beta 2 and alpha 1receptors.Beta 1 – when stimulated increases heart rate, AV conduction and contractilityBeta 2 – when stimulated produces vasodilatory effects on vascular smooth muscle cellsin the lungs and uterusCarvedilol – helps remodel the heart’s structure in a good wayContraindicated: Asthma, bronchospastic conditionsPrecautions: Masks signs of hypoglycemia

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GFRProteinuriaCreatinine/BUNPyelonephritisUTI- E coli common causative organism-Renal ColicGlomerulonephritisacute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN),Anatomy, Physiology, Assessment, Diagnosis and Treatment of the followingGI:Gastric ulcerUlcerative colitisAppendicitisAbdominal assessments:McBurney’s signPsoas signHelicobacter pyloriAnatomy, Physiology, Assessment, Diagnosis and Treatment of the followingEndocrine:Type I Diabetes-autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells > severe insulindeficiency-caused by T lymphocytes. Islet cell antibodies are markers of betacall destructionObjective: loss of SQ fat, muscle wasting, blurred vision, postural hypotensionType II Diabetes-insulin resistance “hallmark for DM II and inadequate insulin-Obesityis main factor for DM II-stronger genetic component than type I DMObjective: obesity, local fat deposits, high waist circumference 40/35, -Acanthosisnigricansis dark discoloration of body folds and creases, HTN

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Labs:urine glucose, urine ketonesfasting BG > 126 mg/dlHbA1c >6.4%Oral glucose tolerance testInsulin:InsulinOnsetPeakDurationRapid Acting: 1513NovologHumalogApidra15-30 minutes30 minutes- 2.5hours3-6.5 hoursShort Acting: 3026Regular insulinHumulin RNovolin R30-60 minutes2-3 hours4-6 hoursIntermediate: 2616NPHHumulin NNovolin N1-2 hours6-14 hours16-24 hoursLong Acting: 124Glargine1 hour>24 hoursLong Acting:Levemir1-2 hours6-8 hours12 hours 0.2 u/kg20 hours 0.4 u/kgAlbumin bound

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Biguanides:Metformin-reduce liverglucose production-intestinalabsorption,-improves insulinsensitivity1-2.5 grams ODwith mealsDuration: 4 hoursSulfonylureas:“ide”Glipizide-stimulate insulinrelease from betacells-reduce liverglucose production-improves insulinsensitivity2.5 mg – 40 mgbefore meals6-12 hoursMeglitinideAnalogs:RepaglinidePregnancy risk:spontaneous abortion, fetal anomalies, demise, macrosomniaNeonatal hypoglycemia, distress and hyper BILIComplications of DM:Cataracts, retinopathy, glaucoma, nephropathy, DMneuropathy, peripheral neuropathyAutonomic Neuropathy:N/V, delayed gastric emptying, reflux, erectile dysfxn,bladder dysfxn,Cardiovascular:HTN, PVDDiabetes insipidusHyperaldosteronism

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