Final Exam: MSN570/ MSN 570 ( New 2023/ 2024) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam G uide | Complete Review with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct QUESTION Anemia of Chronic Disease/Inflammation (ACD) Answer: The second most common anemia, after iron deficiency anemia. The anemia is caused by many different chronic diseases or inflammation (e.g., cancer, chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, and infections). QUESTION Aplastic Anemia Answer: A rare but serious type of anemia that is a result of the bone marrow failing to produce multipotent hematopoietic stem cell precursors. This leads to a lack of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, which is referred to as pancytopenia. QUESTION B12 Answer: Requisite for RBC production. Low levels: deficiency. High levels: liver disease; myeloproliferative disorders. QUESTION Basophil Answer: Granulocyte, polymorphonuclear. Description: Slightly smaller than neutrophil; contains large, purple cytoplasmic granules; bilobed nucleus Concentration (number of cells/mm): 20 - 50 Life span: A few hours to a few days Function: Releases histamine during inflammation. QUESTION Blood Answer: Both a viscous fluid and a connective tissue. It accomplishes its functions through its various components — the plasma (liquid protein), leukocytes (white blood cells), erythrocytes (red blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). QUESTION Burkitt Lymphoma Answer: Type of Non - Hodgkin Lymphoma. Origin: B lymphocytes. Most linked to EBV. Epidemiology, U.S.: 40%; More common in males; Age 5 - 10 years; peak 4 - 6 years Common clinical presentation: Abdominal mass, pain, nausea, vomiting, & change in bowel patterns. Rapid growing head and neck lymphadenopathy Special notes: One of the most aggressive fast - growing cancers. Cases in Africa account for almost all NHL. Over 50% of childhood cancers develop in the jaw or other facial bones. QUESTION Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Answer: Complex, acquired disorder in which clotting and hemorrhage simultaneously occur QUESTION Eosinophil Answer: Granulocyte, polymorphonuclear. white blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reactions; Phagocytizes antigen - antibody complex; attacks parasites QUESTION Epoetin and Darbepoetin Answer: synthetic versions of erythropoietin (EPO). Synthetic EPO is used in some anemias such as those caused by chronic renal failure or chemotherapy.; 2 ESAs used in tx of anemia in cancer QUESTION Erythrocytes Answer: red blood cells; Disk - shaped cells that carry oxygen to tissues and transport carbon dioxide out of the tissues for its subsequent removal from the body. Erythrocytes contain proteins such as hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen, giving blood its red color. T he brighter the shade of red, the more the blood is saturated with oxygen. Hematocrit refers to how much of the blood volume comprises erythrocytes. QUESTION Erythropoietin (EPO) Answer: hormone (growth factor) secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow QUESTION Extrinsic Pathway of Blood Coagulation Answer: A cascade of enzymatic reactions resulting in blood clotting and is done with the addition of injured tissue cells (outside of body, thus extrinsic). Also called The Tissue Factor Pathway. QUESTION Ferritin Answer: iron storage protein QUESTION Folate Answer: Requisite for RBC production Low: deficiency; B9 QUESTION Folic Acid Answer: a water - soluble B vitamin is eliminated in urine, and a small quantity (0.5 to 20 mg) is stored in the body. QUESTION Hematocrit (Hct) Answer: Percent of intact RBCs in whole blood Low: anemia High: polycythemia Normal levels: • Females 37 - 47% • Males 42 - 52%; levels slightly increased in elderly QUESTION Hematopoiesis Answer: blood cell formation, occurs primarily in the bone marrow. QUESTION Hemoglobin Answer: iron - containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells QUESTION Hemophilia Answer: An X - linked recessive disorder in which blood fails to clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding if injured, can involve a deficiency or abnormality of clotting factor VIII. QUESTION Hemostasis Answer: to stop or control bleeding QUESTION Hepcidin Answer: A protein in the liver that tightly regulates dietary iron uptake and transport in several places such as the duodenum, liver, or spleen. QUESTION Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Answer: a hypocoagulopathy state resulting from the immune system destroying its own platelets (autoimmunity). QUESTION Intrinsic pathway of blood clotting Answer: A cascade reaction resulting in the formation of a fibrin clot through a process that doesn't require the participation of substances extrinsic to the blood; a more complex and slower series of reactions, occurring over several minutes of trauma, that is a ctivated by chemicals that are either in direct contact with blood or contained within the blood QUESTION Hyperkalemia Answer: excessive potassium in the blood; manifestations include: Neuromuscular: Paresthesias Muscle cramps Weakness/fatigue Hyperreflexia Flaccid paralysis (later) Anxiety Cardiovascular: Electrocardiogram (EKG) changes and dysrhythmias (delayed conduction — bradyarrhythmias/asystole) Respiratory: Respiratory depression/arrest — diaphragm weakness Gastrointestinal Nausea/vomiting Diarrhea Cramping QUESTION Hypokalemia Answer: deficient potassium in the blood; manifestations include: Neuromuscular: Paresthesias, Muscle cramps, Weakness/fatigue, Hyporeflexia, Flaccid paralysis, Confusion/depression Cardiovascular: Hypotension, Weak, irregular pulse EKG changes and dysrhythmias (Ventricular fibrillation), Cardiac arrest Gastrointestinal: Nausea/vomiting, Constipation, Distention and ileus QUESTION colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) Answer: an inward pulling force caused by blood proteins (mainly albumin) that helps move fluid from the interstitial area back into capillaries QUESTION ECF Answer: extracellular fluid, rich in sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. The intravascular space is composed of plasma. QUESTION Electrolytes Answer: Help maintain the body's fluid balance. Minerals with electrical charges found in the blood, urine, and other body fluids. They include sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. QUESTION Hydrostatic pressure Answer: created by water, pushes water away QUESTION Hypercalcemia Answer: Excessive calcium in the blood. Symptoms: 50% asymptomatic - > renal (polyuria, thirst, stones, nephrocalcinosis/deposition of calcium crystals in kidney, may lead to renal failure), musculoskeletal (muscle weakness, rarely demineralization and subperiosteal bone resorption with bone cyst s - > osteitis fibrosa cystica), neurological (psychiatric/neurological symptoms - > anxiety/depression/confusion/drowsiness), gastrointestinal (anorexia, constipation and ulcers QUESTION hypercalcemia causes Answer: Hyperparathyroidism Malignant bone disease Prolonged immobilization Excess calcium supplementation QUESTION Hypernatremia Answer: High serum sodium levels (greater than 145 mEq/L). The excessive sodium levels generally lead to high serum osmolality (greater than 295 mOsm/kg) because of the imbalance between sodium