A History Of Modern Psychology, 10th Edition Test Bank

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I. A HISTORY OF
MODERN
PSYCHOLOGY
TENTH EDITION
Duane P. Schultz
Sydney Ellen Schultz
(i)

Table of Contents
1. The Study of the History of Psychology 1
2. Philosophical Influences on Psychology 30
3. Physiological Influences on Psychology 71
4. The New Psychology 104
5. Structuralism 138
6. Functionalism: Antecedent Influences 165
7. Functionalism: Development and Founding 197
8. Applied Psychology: The Legacy of Functionalism 248
9. Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences 288
10. Behaviorism: The Beginnings 321
11. Behaviorism: After the Founding 349
12. Gestalt Psychology 395
13. Psychoanalysis: The Beginnings 429
14. Psychoanalysis: After the Founding 480
15. Contemporary Developments in Psychology 532
Chapter 1
The Study of the History of Psychology
TESTBANK
ESSAY
1. Why is it important for psychology students to study the development of psychology?
ANS:
Answer not provided.
PTS: 1

2. Argue that Psychology's roots began 2000 years ago. Now argue that they began 200 years ago. What
fields came together to form Psychology?
ANS:
Answer not provided.
PTS: 1 MSC: WWW
3. Define historiography. How do the data of history differ from the data of science? Name and describe
the three major difficulties involved in recalling and presenting the data of history.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
PTS: 1
4. Discuss and give one example of each of the contextual forces that influenced the development of
psychology.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
PTS: 1
5. Describe, compare, and contrast the personalistic and naturalistic theories as conceptions of scientific
history. How could the contributions of Darwin be used to illustrate both?
ANS:
Answer not provided.
PTS: 1 MSC: WWW
6. Define "school of thought" and discuss it in terms of Thomas Kuhn's concept of paradigms in
scientific evolution.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
PTS: 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
7. Psychology is unique among the sciences in its requirement that its students ____.
a. have a minor in the natural sciences
b. learn the experimental method
c. use carefully controlled observations in its procedures
d. study the history of psychology
e. have a liberal arts background in the humanities
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Why Study the History of Psychology?
8. What conclusions can be drawn from the study of the Invisible Gorilla?

a. All psychology students can multitask when presented with multiple stimuli at one time
b. Extraordinary events can induce extreme stress when presented to unsuspecting people
c. It is difficult for people to pay attention to more than one stimulus at a time
d. Doing homework and watching television at the same time are as efficient as if the two are
done separately
e. Counting can be a difficult task when one is being watched
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Invisible Gorilla
MSC: WWW
9. Division ____ of the American Psychological Association is concerned with the study of the
discipline's history.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 26
d. 32
e. 42
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Why Study the History of Psychology?
10. In what year was the American Psychological Association founded?
a. 1892
b. 1932
c. 1952
d. 1969
e. 1979
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Why Study the History of Psychology?
11. Psychology is marked by diversity and divisiveness. The one aspect of the discipline that provides
cohesiveness and a common ground for discourse is its ____.
a. reliance on the experimental method in all its research
b. focus on the study of overt behavior
c. use of the hypothetico-deductive method
d. national organizations (APA and APS)
e. history
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Why Study the History of Psychology?
MSC: WWW
12. Perhaps the most valuable outcome of the study of the history of psychology is that one will learn the
____.
a. relationships among psychology's ideas, theories, and research strategies
b. contributions of the classic Greek philosophers
c. origins of the experimental methods
d. evolution of the scientist-practitioner model of clinical psychology
e. issues at the root of the pure versus applied research conflict in psychology
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Why Study the History of Psychology?
13. According to Schultz & Schultz, a course in the history of psychology is useful because ____.
a. it helps us to understand why modern psychology has so many different movements
b. it helps to integrate the areas and issues that constitute modern psychology
c. it provides a fascinating story on its own
d. All of the choices are correct

e. None of the choices are correct
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Why Study the History of Psychology?
14. As a scientific discipline, psychology is ____.
a. one of the newest
b. one of the oldest
c. the only one to have started in the United States
d. one of the newest and one of the oldest
e. None of the choices are correct
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Development of Modern Psychology
15. Greek philosophers studied issues involving ____.
a. motivation
b. abnormal behavior
c. learning
d. thought
e. All of the choices are correct
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: The Development of Modern Psychology
16. Modern psychology shares which of the following characteristics with ancient Greek philosophy?
a. An interest in the same kinds of questions about human nature
b. The development of common methods of research to answer questions about human
nature
c. A reliance upon biology to help in the understanding of human nature
d. The denial that humans are composed of a physical body and a spiritual soul
e. None of the choices are correct
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Development of Modern Psychology
17. Modern psychology emerged from philosophy approximately ____ years ago.
a. 100
b. 150
c. 200
d. 250
e. 300
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Development of Modern Psychology
18. The feature of modern psychology that distinguishes it from its antecedents is its ____.
a. methodology
b. focus on learning
c. focus on motivation
d. focus on abnormal behavior
e. use of deductive logic
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Development of Modern Psychology

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19. Until the last quarter of the 19th century, philosophers studied human nature using which of the
following methods?
a. speculation
b. intuition
c. generalizations
d. All of the choices are correct.
e. None of the choices are correct.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Development of Modern Psychology
20. The new discipline of psychology was the product of the union of ____.
a. philosophy and ethics
b. philosophy and physics
c. physics and biology
d. physics and physiology
e. philosophy and physiology
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: The Development of Modern Psychology
21. The hallmark of psychology's separation from philosophy was its reliance on ____.
a. physics
b. biology
c. experimentation
d. deduction
e. psychophysics
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Development of Modern Psychology
MSC: WWW
22. Modern psychology differs from philosophy in which of the following ways?
a. Modern psychology is concerned with the study of mental processes such as learning,
memory, and perception. Philosophy is concerned with the study of human nature.
b. Modern psychology uses objective methods to study questions. Philosophy depends upon
speculation and intuition in order to answer questions.
c. Modern psychology studies only the brain. Philosophy studies only the mind.
d. Modern psychology is based upon the use of inductive reasoning. Philosophy is based
upon the use of deductive reasoning.
e. None of the choices are correct.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Development of Modern Psychology
23. Psychology became an independent discipline during the ____.
a. Renaissance
b. last quarter of the eighteenth century
c. last quarter of the nineteenth century
d. first decade of the nineteenth century
e. first decade of the twentieth century

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ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Development of Modern Psychology
24. The term historiography refers to ____.
a. historical biography
b. methods used in psychological autopsy
c. the techniques, principles, and issues involved in historical research
d. the scientific study of history
e. the study of the history of psychology
ANS: C PTS: 1
REF: The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology's Past
25. In contrast to the events that are studied in science, historical events cannot be ____.
a. used to predict future outcomes
b. repeated
c. discovered
d. analyzed and explained
e. understood
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology's Past
26. The data of history are most accurately depicted or described as ____.
a. public records
b. private records
c. eyewitness testimony
d. recollections
e. data fragments
ANS: E PTS: 1
REF: The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology's Past
27. The approach of the historian of psychology is similar to the approach taken by ____ in the study of
their field.
a. physicists
b. archaeologists
c. chemists
d. economists
e. None of the choices are correct.
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology's Past
28. Which psychologist burned his/her own letters, manuscripts, and research notes before s/he died?
a. B. F. Skinner
b. John Watson
c. Karen Horney
d. Sigmund Freud
e. Margaret Washburn
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology's Past

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29. At least one of Freud's biographers downplayed the extent of Freud's cocaine use. This is an example
of ____.
a. suppressed data
b. data distorted by translation
c. lost data
d. errors of eyewitnesses
e. a misrepresentation intended to protect Freud's reputation
ANS: E PTS: 1
REF: The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology's Past
30. An "autobiography" of Jung was evidently written not by Jung but by an assistant who ____.
a. slandered him personally
b. altered and/or deleted some of Jung's writings to present him in a manner suiting his
family and followers
c. exaggerated the degree of the break between Freud and Jung
d. expanded Jung's theories and attributed the expansion to Jung
e. None of the choices are correct.
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology's Past MSC: WWW
31. Important personal papers by ____ have been misplaced for decades or more.
a. Ebbinghaus
b. Fechner
c. Darwin
d. All of the choices are correct.
e. None of the choices are correct.
ANS: D PTS: 1
REF: The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology's Past
32. The historical treatment of Freud's impact upon psychology is still incomplete because ____.
a. he changed his ideas so many times
b. many of his most important works have not been translated into English
c. many of his papers and letters will not be publicly available until later in the 21st century
d. All of the choices are correct.
e. None of the choices are correct.
ANS: C PTS: 1
REF: The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology's Past
33. The terms ego and id, which do not precisely represent Freud's ideas, are examples of ____.
a. suppressed data
b. data distorted by translation
c. eyewitness errors
d. lost data
e. distortions intended to protect Freud's reputation
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology's Past
34. Freud's idea "Einfall" was translated to English into the term ____ which means something other than
what Freud implied in the original German.

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a. rationalization
b. free association
c. penis envy
d. dream analysis
e. fixation
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology's Past MSC: WWW
35. Skinner's self-discipline as a student and Freud's being ignored and rejected early in his career
indicated that ____.
a. biographers disregard the real events in favor of fantasy
b. data of history are true in their original versions
c. participants may themselves produce biased accounts
d. translations errors account for most misinterpretations
e. All of the choices are correct
ANS: C PTS: 1
REF: The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology's Past
36. To guard against self-serving data and to assess the truth of a person's recollections and reports of
events in the history of psychology, the historian should, whenever possible, ____.
a. collect data from other observers
b. learn the language in which the person wrote
c. read newspaper accounts of the events
d. read others' research publications of that era
e. reconstruct the event
ANS: A PTS: 1
REF: The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology's Past
37. Regardless of how objective a science and its practitioners are alleged to be, that science will be
influenced by the ____.
a. scientists' political beliefs
b. scientists' religious beliefs
c. policies of the government that funds that science's research
d. contextual forces of the time
e. amount of funding it receives
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
38. The term "Zeitgeist" refers to ____.
a. the intellectual and cultural climate of the times
b. a German dessert
c. the moment of discovery
d. the moment of change in scientific revolutions
e. a blizzard of activity
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
39. The contextual forces in psychology deal with the ____.
a. paradigms that exist in modern psychology.
b. social, economic, and political factors that influenced the field.
c. great individuals who have developed psychology.
d. attempt of psychology to separate itself from other disciplines such as physiology.

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e. None of the choices are correct.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
40. The three contextual forces in the history of psychology were ____.
a. economic opportunities, wars, and discrimination
b. famine, pestilence, and death
c. theory, research, and application
d. cognition, motivation, and effect
e. social, political, and economic
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
41. A surge in the practice of applied psychology occurred in response to the lack of jobs in academic
settings for PhDs. Thus, the development of applied psychology was a direct consequence of the
____.
a. great number of psychologists Wundt trained
b. political context of Europe
c. economic context of the United States
d. fact that the first generation of American psychologists learned all their courses in German
and thus could not practice Wundt's psychology
e. political context of the United States
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
42. A wave of employment possibilities in applied psychology in the first two decades of the 20th century
was partly due to ____.
a. 700% increases in public school enrollment
b. more money being spent on defense than on education
c. the rise of the Veteran's administration Hospital system
d. less money being spent on education than on defense and welfare combined
e. All of the choices are correct
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
43. Which contextual influence on psychology lead to the growth of psychology in the areas of personnel
selection, psychological testing, and engineering psychology?
a. Demands generated by the world wars
b. Emigration from Germany of the top psychologists when Hitler took power
c. Prosperity of the 1920s and 1930s in the United States
d. Psychological needs of combat pilots
e. Need to provide education for an unexpected surge in the U.S. population
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
44. On the basis of the destruction associated with World War I, Freud proposed that ____.
a. humans have the ability to survive any catastrophe
b. the defense mechanisms are used by humans to distort reality
c. humans have an instinct for aggression

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d. the id is stronger than the ego in controlling behavior
e. None of the choices are correct
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
45. According to the textbook, psychology as a discipline has ____.
a. engaged in the discriminatory practices that mark American culture as a whole
b. been substantially more discriminatory against women than have other sciences
c. been substantially more discriminatory against minorities than have other sciences
d. focused on the reduction of discrimination since its beginnings
e. None of the choices are correct
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
46. Even when some women were admitted to graduate programs in psychology, they still encountered
many barriers to their success, such as ____.
a. being barred from some laboratory facilities
b. being prevented from using graduate library facilities
c. being unable to eat in graduate cafeterias
d. not being allowed to participate in some seminar topics
e. All of the choices are correct
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
MSC: WWW
47. As recently as the 1960s, why were some universities reluctant to admit women to their graduate
programs in psychology?
a. Their graduate admission scores were not as high as those of male applicants.
b. Their personal lives, in terms of marriage and becoming pregnant, were viewed as
obstacles that reduced the likelihood of completion of graduate school.
c. In the opinion of some influential psychologists, some women would never amount to
anything.
d. There were too many female applicants.
e. Their personal lives, in terms of marriage and becoming pregnant, were viewed as
obstacles that reduced the likelihood of completion of graduate school and, in the opinion
of some influential psychologists, some women would never amount to anything.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
48. Julian Rotter, a leading personality theorist was told that "____ simply could not get academic jobs,
regardless of their credentials."
a. African-Americans
b. women
c. graduates above the age of 50
d. Jews
e. All of the choices are correct.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology

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49. According to your text, it was so difficult for Jewish psychologists to get a job that some resorted to
____.
a. only applying to traditionally Jewish colleges and universities
b. changing their religion
c. lying about their religion
d. changing their name to something that didn't seem Jewish
e. None of the choices are true
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
50. When ____ enrolled as a graduate student at Clark University, the administration arranged a separate
dining table for her/him.
a. Francis Sumner
b. Margaret Floy Washburn
c. Kenneth Clark
d. Mamie Clark
e. Maslow
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
51. Kenneth Clark was rejected by the graduate program in psychology at Cornell because the university
____.
a. could not tolerate Blacks working closely with Whites
b. had no dormitory facilities for Blacks
c. had no dining facilities for Blacks
d. could not have Black males working with White female graduate students
e. would not confer the PhD on a Black person even if he or she completed the requisite
coursework
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
52. The first African American president of the APA was ____.
a. Frances Cecil Sumner
b. Charles Henry Turner
c. Kenneth Clark
d. Mamie Phipps Clark
e. None of the choices are correct
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
MSC: WWW
53. Who conducted a research program on racial identity and self-concept issues for Black children that
was cited in the 1954 Supreme Court decision to end racial segregation in public schools?
a. Francis Sumner
b. James Bayton
c. Inez Prosser
d. Kenneth and Mamie Clark
e. none of the choices are correct
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
54. History ignores the work of the majority of ____.
a. women
b. African-Americans
c. Jews
d. white men

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e. all psychologists
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: Contextual Forces in Psychology
55. The _____ theory would support the claim: “Freud was instrumental in discovering psychoanalysis.
If not for Freud, no other psychologist would have been able to undercover the human psyche.”
a. Zeitgeist
b. personalistic
c. naturalistic
d. ortgeist
e. evolution
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Conceptions of Scientific History
MSC: WWW
56. "The man makes the times," reflects which view of history?
a. panpsychic
b. personalistic
c. naturalistic
d. nativist
e. regressive
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Conceptions of Scientific History
57. Which theory suggests that “the times make the person”?
a. naturalistic
b. personalistic
c. nativist
d. particularistic
e. panpsychic
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Conceptions of Scientific History
58. Simultaneous discovery favors which view of history?
a. dynamic
b. personalistic
c. naturalistic
d. recurrent
e. syncopated
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Conceptions of Scientific History
59. Darwin and Wallace developed similar theories of evolution independently; Newton and Leibnitz
developed the calculus independently; Twitmyer discovered "Pavlovian" conditioning before Pavlov
did. Such independent discoveries are attributed to which theory?
a. syncopated
b. personalistic
c. naturalistic
d. Ortgeist
e. evolution

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ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Conceptions of Scientific History
60. In the 1970s, the publication of the research of John Garcia was significantly delayed because ____.
a. his work challenged the cognitive psychology school of thought
b. his work was regarded as poorly done
c. his findings challenged the prevailing view in stimulus-response (S-R) learning theory
d. journal editors tend to accept findings that contradict or oppose current thinking
e. All of the choices are correct
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Conceptions of Scientific History
MSC: WWW
61. The editors and editorial boards of journals in psychology are composed of people eminent in their
specialty areas and likely to subscribe to tradition and their own viewpoints. Thus, new knowledge
may not be published if it is revolutionary. This situation illustrates which theory?
a. Zeitgeist
b. personalistic
c. naturalistic
d. Ortgeist
e. evolution
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Conceptions of Scientific History
62. In the first years of psychology's emergence as a new discipline, which man determined its direction?
a. James McKeen Cattell
b. Edward Bradford Titchener
c. The Unknown Soldier
d. Wilhelm Wundt
e. Thomas Kuhn
ANS: D PTS: 1
REF: Schools of Thought in the Evolution of Modern Psychology
63. A school of thought emerges whenever ____.
a. a group shares a theoretical orientation and investigates similar problems
b. some person organizes and markets several compatible themes or practices, as did Wundt
and Watson
c. a group at a particular college or university focuses on a particular problem, such as the
"Würzburg school"
d. a college or university adopts a particular orientation, such as behaviorism at Harvard or
the "Chicago school" of functionalism
e. a college or university adopts a single methodology, such as the experimental psychology
program at the University of Illinois
ANS: A PTS: 1
REF: Schools of Thought in the Evolution of Modern Psychology
64. The stage in the development of a science when it is still divided into schools of thought is called
____.
a. paradigmatic
b. preparadigmatic

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c. revolutionary
d. a scientific revolution
e. messy
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: Schools of Thought in the Evolution of Modern Psychology
65. Which eminent historian called the process of replacing one paradigm with another a scientific
revolution?
a. E.G. Boring
b. Gordon Allport
c. Duane Schultz
d. Thomas Kuhn
e. John Garcia
ANS: D PTS: 1
REF: Schools of Thought in the Evolution of Modern Psychology
66. Kuhn (1970) defines a paradigm as ____.
a. an instance of agreement on theory and methodology by the science's practitioners.
b. a model that describes a scientific phenomenon.
c. a model that explains a scientific phenomenon.
d. the reconciliation of disparate views on the proper subject matter of the field.
e. the ultimate goal of any science but which is an ideal and will never be realized.
ANS: A PTS: 1
REF: Schools of Thought in the Evolution of Modern Psychology
67. In Kuhn's philosophy of science, when Einstein's theory of relativity replaced Galilean-Newtonian
physics, a(n) ____ occurred.
a. Zeitgeist
b. Ortgeist
c. paradigm
d. scientific revolution
e. school of thought
ANS: D PTS: 1
REF: Schools of Thought in the Evolution of Modern Psychology
MSC: WWW
68. Currently, psychology ____.
a. has reached the paradigmatic stage
b. has been described as a sequence of failed paradigms
c. may be more fragmented than at any time in its history
d. has been described as a sequence of failed paradigms and may be more fragmented than at
any time in its history
e. None of the choices are correct

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