A History of Psychology: A Global Perspective Second Edition Test Bank

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Shiraev, A History of Psychology 2e Instructor Resource
1
Chapter 1
Key terms (multiple choice)
1. The term, which meant the weakness of nervous system and used by clinicians to explain
the etiology of several dysfunctions, mostly including various forms of anxiety and
depression is called:
a. magnetism
b. aging
c. neurasthenia
d. sleep
e. imagination
Answer: c
2. Psychological knowledge that is simplified and sensationalized is called:
a. ideology
b. legal knowledge
c. Zeitgeist
d. pop psychology
e. historiography
Answer: d
3. The study of the ways by which people obtain and disseminate historical knowledge is
called:
a. historiography
b. Zeitgeist
c. scientific knowledge
d. legal knowledge
e. values
Answer: a
4. The landmark Milgram study showed that obedience to authority is common in ordinary
people and that many of us could act unethically if someone else takes responsibility for
our behavior. But most important, the study highlighted the vital importance of:
a. folk beliefs
b. ethical guidelines
c. sufficient funding
d. international cooperation
e. proper dress code
Answer: b
Key terms, facts, and names (true/false)
1. Placebo Effect is the effect of a change caused by an anticipation of a change.

Shiraev, A History of Psychology 2e Instructor Resource
2
True False Answer: T
2. Psychological knowledge that is simplified and sensationalized is called legal knowledge.
True False Answer: F
3. Knowledge is information that has a purpose or use
True False Answer: T
4. Knowledge that stems from established, stable perceptions about the world, the nature of
good and evil, right and wrong behavior, purpose of human life, and so forth is called
folk beliefs.
True False Answer: F
5. Zeitgeist stands for the general social climate, the spirit of a particular time or generation.
True False Answer: T
6. Jean Piaget took a doctorate in zoology.
True False Answer: T
7. Anton Mesmer suggested that an individual’s entire behavior could be described in terms
of strength, balance, and agility of the nervous processes.
True False Answer: F
8. Legal knowledge appears in the form of legal prescriptions established by authorities
(ranging from tribal leaders to state governments).
True False Answer: T
9. French intellectual, Paul-Henri Thiry (known also as Baron d’Holbach) established the
first psychological laboratory called salon.
True False Answer: F
10. Wilhelm Stekel was one of Freud’s earliest followers.
True False Answer: T
Comprehension and applications (multiple choice)
1. The French physician, Franz Anton Mesmer, claimed in his dissertation in 1766 that
human illnesses might be caused by the disruption or blocking of the normal flow of an
invisible body fluid, which he called:
a. complex emotions
b. animal reflexes
c. animal magnetism

Shiraev, A History of Psychology 2e Instructor Resource
3
d. Zeitgeist
e. memory
Answer: c
2. From today’s standpoint, the patients of Mesmer reported improvements probably
because they believed in own recovery or wanted to show progress. This effect of a
change caused by an anticipation of a change is called today:
a. intuition
b. placebo effect
c. double magnetism
d. Zeitgeist effect
e. anxiety
Answer: b
3. Clinicians in the past labeled psychological and physical symptoms attributed to the
weakness of the nervous system as:
a. placebo
b. moral failure
c. magnetism
d. psychosis
e. neurasthenia
Answer: e
4. In which country in the 1960s, a rare translation of a Western psychology textbook was
accompanied by the specially written concluding chapter titled, “The Backwardness of
Present Capitalistic Psychology.”
a. France
b. Japan
c. Soviet Union
d. China
e. India
Answer: d
5. In the 19th century, in the United States, black slaves who had made repeated attempts to
escape from their owners were frequently labeled as:
a. mentally ill
b. revolutionaries
c. skilled engineers
d. dangerous underground leaders
e. mentally gifted
Answer: a
6. Many civil rights activists, who did not support official ideology, were forcefully
hospitalized to mental institutions with the following official diagnosis: Schizophrenia,
Slowly Progressing (Sluggish) Type, Delusion of Reformation. In which country was this
practiced?

Shiraev, A History of Psychology 2e Instructor Resource
4
a. China
b. Iran
c. Soviet Union
d. North Korea
e. Australia
Answer: c
7. The concept of the engram, defined as a permanent trace left by a stimulus on the
protoplasm of a tissue has been developed by:
a. mesmerism
b. scientology
c. Pavlov’s theory
d. pop-psychology
e. modern psychiatry
Answer: b
8. Daniel Kahneman was the first psychologist to win the Nobel Prize, in 2002. However,
he won this prize in .
a. biology
b. medicine
c. literature
d. history
e. economics
Answer: e
9. One of the most quoted contributors to psychology, Sigmund Freud, as well as Herbert
Spencer:
a. worked for Harvard University
b. did not hold a full-time professorship
c. worked for Cornell University
d. worked for Oxford University
e. worked for Princeton University
Answer: b
10. By 2113, if the current trend continues, women would receive percent of the
doctoral degrees in psychology earned in North America.
a. 30
b. 40
c. 50
d. 70
e. 90
Answer: d
Comprehension and applications (short answer)
1. What is the main source of scientific knowledge in psychology?

Shiraev, A History of Psychology 2e Instructor Resource
5
Answer: science, or systematic empirical observation, measurement, and evaluation of
facts.
2. Scientific knowledge can be inaccurate for at least three reasons. Which ones?
Answer: incorrect assumptions, imprecise descriptions, and poor applications.
3. Ivan Pavlov suggested that an individual’s entire behavior could be described in terms of
strength of the nervous processes plus their (name two more):
Answer: balance and agility.
4. What is the main emphasis of pop-psychology?
Answer: simplicity and sensationalism
5. The publication of Alfred Kinsey’s Sexual Behavior in the Human Male in 1948, a book
based on empirical studies of sexuality, received an angry response from many people,
including scientists. Why?
Answer: the social climate was ambivalent; many maintained that research should be
separated from perversion
6. Academic traditions serve several functions. Which ones?
Answer: communication, consolidation of knowledge, and protection and control
7. An originator of behaviorism, John Watson, was forced to resign from his key academic
positions because of:
Answer: a personal scandal involving him and a female student with whom Watson had
intimate relationship.
8. What is the opposite phenomenon to fragmentation in psychology?
Answer: standardization
9. Attention to “psychological energy” increased significantly during the period when
scientists were making discoveries in which scientific field?
Answer: nuclear physics
10. Among important themes in psychology, three stand out:
Answer: the mind-body problem, the interaction of biological and social factors in
human behavior and experience, and the balance between theoretical knowledge and its
practical applications
Comprehension and applications (essay)

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Shiraev, A History of Psychology 2e Instructor Resource
6
1. Can popular beliefs, often called folk theories, represent accurate knowledge in
psychology? Give an example.
2. Why is mesmerism viewed as unscientific today?
3. In the very beginning of the 20th century, many experimental psychologists shared a
view that only a specially selected and trained group of highly skilled observers could
perform the collection and compilation of scientific data in psychological labs. Only
trained professionals could conduct scientific observations in strictly controlled
conditions of an experiment. These trained professionals should be men. What was the
justification for such assumptions?
4. Describe the three factors that stimulated the process of psychology’s standardization.
5. Describe the factors contributing to ethnocentrism in psychology.
6. What was the key point of The Mind of Primitive Man by Franz Boas?
7. As you have read in the text, in peer-reviewed publications in leading academic
psychological journals, more than 90 percent of research samples came from a small
group of countries representing only 12 percent of the world’s population. Do you think
that the history of psychology too is painting an incomplete picture of world’s
psychological knowledge?

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Shiraev, A History of Psychology 2e Instructor Resource
1
Chapter 2
Key Terms (multiple choice)
1. The notion that matter is made up of small, indivisible particles is called:
a. atomism
b. materialism
c. dualism
d. physics
e. holism
Answer: a
2. The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge, its foundations, extent,
and validity⎯were result of observation and speculation is called:
a. holism
b. epistemology
c. materialism
d. naturalism
e. logic
Answer: b
3. From the Greek words “matter” and “form”, which view recognized the existence of two
fundamental principles: one potential, that is, primary matter, and one actual, that is,
substantial form?
a. materialism
b. folk beliefs
c. hylomorphism
d. atomism
e. emanation theory
Answer: c
4. The view about the human soul that holds that it originated from the same matter as any
other material object, it is part of the natural world and could be studied by the methods
used for the study of nature is called:
a. atomism
b. theology
c. naturalism
d. materialism
e. epistemology
Answer: d

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Shiraev, A History of Psychology 2e Instructor Resource
2
5. The principal Western Christian theological and philosophical school of thought based on
the authority of the church and teachings of Aristotle and his commentators is called:
a. scholasticism
b. Aristotle science
c. authoritarianism
d. idealism
e. materialism
Answer: a
6. What is the term to describe connections between individuals and environment and
manifested in various forms including early religion, arts, education, and science?
a. psychology
b. inspiration
c. soul-searching
d. folk beliefs
e. subjective culture
Answer: e
Key terms, facts, and names (true/false)
1. Emanation theory states that objects release substance that makes an impression on
human senses thus evoking sensation then thought.
True False Answer: T
2. Holism is the concept holding that everything is interconnected in the world and body.
True False Answer: T
3. Materialism is the fundamental view suggesting that the facts of mental life can be
sufficiently explained in mental terms.
True False Answer: F
4. Material monism is the view according to which all things and developments, including
psychological processes, no matter how simple or complicated they are, have one similar
material origin.
True False Answer: T
5. Melancholy is the most common label in ancient Greece for symptoms today called
holism.
True False Answer: F
6. Theology is the study of the nature of purposeful behavior.
True False Answer: F

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Shiraev, A History of Psychology 2e Instructor Resource
3
7. In Plato’s famous allegory, human beings are located inside of an imaginary cave, and
they observe reflections of forms (the reality) on the cave’s walls.
True False Answer: T
8. Aristotle referred to the brain as a “heat boiler” of blood.
True False Answer: F
9. Aristotle named five main types of sensation; all of them are recognized today as the
basic senses: vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.
True False Answer: T
10. Epicurus, despite popular misinterpretations of his views and claims that he encouraged
people to enjoy life carelessly and satisfy their own unlimited needs, in fact taught people
to limit the pursuit of the vain needs and free themselves of unnecessary fears.
True False Answer: T
11. Aristotle viewed the stomach as a center of mental activities.
True False Answer: F
12. According to Mahayana teachings in Buddhism, the external world is the reflection of the
mind itself.
True False Answer: T
13. Confucius wrote several books. One of the most famous ones is “A Memoir of the Great
Confucius”.
True False Answer: F
14. The fundamental principle and force of life, according to Galen, was pneuma, which
exists in three forms.
True False Answer: T
15. Augustine (354–430) was born and resided in North Africa, which is present-day Algeria.
True False Answer: T
16. Avicenna followed teachings of Confucius and other Chinese scholars.
True False Answer: F
17. Most philosophers in Rome and Greece accepted homosexual feelings and behavior as
normal.
True False Answer: T
Comprehension and applications (multiple choice)
1. Mesopotamian civilization was among the first to develop written language. Texts were
written on clay tablets, and some of them contain descriptions of:

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Shiraev, A History of Psychology 2e Instructor Resource
4
a. symptoms of depression
b. dreams
c. psychological experiments
d. therapeutic sessions
e. three types of memory
Answer: b
2. From Egyptian papyrus manuscripts, prepared sometimes between 2900 and 2000 BCE,
we infer that the center of the organism was:
a. the liver
b. the spinal cord
c. the heart
d. the brain
e. the stomach
Answer: c
3. Several Greek thinkers, who lived in the town of Miletus, are known today as
representatives of the Milesian school. Their views are considered as seminal to the
tradition called:
a. material monism
b. idealism
c. behaviorism
d. evolutionary
e. comparative biology
Answer: a
4. The world, according to the Stoics, consists of a passive matter and an active force called:
a. fire
b. water
c. electric force
d. pneuma
e. magnetism
Answer: d
5. According to Plato, the lowest part of the soul is responsible for desires and needs and
can be associated with:
a. the level of the brain
b. the level of the heart
c. the level of the neck
d. the level of the ankles
e. the level of the abdomen
Answer: e
6. Aristotle considered this part of the human body as the center of vital activities:

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Shiraev, A History of Psychology 2e Instructor Resource
5
a. the brain
b. the liver
c. the heart
d. the stomach
e. the kidneys
Answer: c
7. Epicurus distinguished between three types of needs. The first type involved natural and
necessary for survival desires. The second type contained natural, but nonnecessary,
desires. What was the third type?
a. “beautiful” or “artistic” desires
b. violent and aggressive desires
c. creativity
d. “vain” or “empty” desires
e. unusual desires, perversions
Answer: d
8. Democritus called the heart “the queen, the nurse of anger” and believed that atoms of the
soul near the liver had a lot do with:
a. desire
b. thinking
c. memorization
d. sleep
e. hypnosis
Answer: a
9. According to Aristotle, melancholia is an enduring emotional imbalance with a seasonal
pattern, which has higher incidence in:
a. the summer
b. the winter
c. the summer and in the winter
d. the end of each month
e. the spring and in the fall
Answer: e
10. The myth called “The Madness of Hercules the Strongman and Adventurer” is described
as an early demonstration of:
a. mental asylums
b. insanity defense
c. group therapy
d. schizophrenia
e. drug abuse
Answer: b

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Shiraev, A History of Psychology 2e Instructor Resource
6
11. Indian philosophers shared the belief that all living creatures undergo a cycle of rebirth so
that their souls:
a. disintegrate after an individual’s death
b. migrate from the brain to the heart
c. transmigrate from one body to another
d. migrate from the heart to the brain
e. become physical objects
Answer: c
12. The Advaita tradition in India, with its analysis of the material and the ideal, shares
similar ideas of:
a. Aristotle
b. Democritus
c. Augustine
d. Plato
e. Confucius
Answer: d
13. Confucius believed that anyone could become a virtuous person. The key to success was
a person’s:
a. social connections
b. beliefs in God
c. friends and relatives
d. commitment to improve
e. knowledge
Answer: d
14. For Mencius, the difference between people and animals lay in people’s capacity to
reason and ability for:
a. aggressive actions
b. education
c. making money
d. written communications
e. moral actions
Answer: e
15. In ancient China, the holistic mode of thought rested on the assumption that everything
exists in the integration of two famous historic Chinese concepts:
a. red and blue
b. cupiditas and caritas
c. Theravada and Mahayana
d. yin and yang
e. angels and demons
Answer: d

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Shiraev, A History of Psychology 2e Instructor Resource
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16. Taoism was, as it frequently noted, “the other way” as an opposing way to what?
a. Greek philosophy
b. Indian philosophy
c. Confucianism
d. Aristotle’s ideas
e. Stoicism
Answer: c
17. According to Galen, two kinds of nerves exist. One is soft, and it connects the sensory
organs with the brain. The other kind is harder; it connects:
a. the heart and the liver
b. the brain with the muscles
c. the liver with the stomach
d. the soul with the North Pole
e. the brain and the eye
Answer: b
18. The Roman philosophical and medical tradition was primarily rooted in earlier:
a. Confucianism
b. Indian tradition
c. Islamic tradition
d. Taoism
e. Greek studies
Answer: e
19. Augustine formulated the principle of two wills. What kind of wills?
a. carnal and spiritual
b. physical and mental
c. red and blue
d. soft and hard
e. external and internal
Answer: a
20. Thomas Aquinas continued the tradition started by:
a. Plato
b. Avicenna
c. Aristotle
d. Confucius
e. Galen
Answer: c

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Shiraev, A History of Psychology 2e Instructor Resource
8
21. The school called Mutazilites promoted the doctrine of free will, rationalism, and
Aristotle’s logic in attempt to blend them with:
a. ideas of Confucius
b. religious teachings
c. Taoism
d. physiology of Galen
e. writings of Augustine
Answer: b
22. Avicenna believed that the center of psychological functioning is:
a. the heart
b. the liver
c. the brain
d. the bones
e. the stomach
Answer: c
Comprehension and applications (short answer)
1. Heraclitus (530–470 BCE). He introduced a very sophisticated concept of the soul called
psyche that consisted of:
Answer: specific particles of ever-living fire, a founding substance.
2. Democritus believed that the atoms of the soul are active on three different levels in the
human body:
Answer: around the brain, close to the chest and heart, and in the region of the liver.
3. The film Matrix inadvertently addresses Plato’s theory of cognition. In which way?
Answer: the reality of the world is “given” to us through our senses, and our ability to
know what is beyond our sensations is limited.
4. In many Greek manuscripts, emotions came into view largely as: Answer: “intruders” in
the process of a logical reflection of reality.
5. Epicurus distinguished between three types of needs. Which ones?
Answer: natural and necessary; natural, but nonnecessary; and “vain” or “empty”
desires.
6. Stoics offered two practical ways in dealing with disturbing desires or affects. The first is
to suppress one emotion by initiating another. What was the second way?
Answer: The second way is based on a better understanding of emotions and better
knowledge of the person’s future and the past.

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Shiraev, A History of Psychology 2e Instructor Resource
9
7. Epicurus taught that life is made up of three different kinds of events:
Answer: inevitable, based on chance, and manageable
8. According to the Sankhya tradition in India, there are three basic senses: (1) senses
responsible for perception such as vision and hearing; (2) senses responsible for
motivation such as desire and will; what was the third sense?
Answer: senses responsible for thinking
9. According to the Hindu tradition, illness is likely to originate from what?
Answer: a misbalance within the body.
10. For the Roman Stoics, the ultimate goal of a person’s existence was to:
Answer: obtain a state of mind free from immediate desires for pleasure.
11. Plotinus believed that the soul has three functions. The first one is to connect with
absolute, divine, and perfect soul. The second function connects the soul with the body
and individual feelings. What us the third function?
Answer: The third function gives the soul self-reflection to learn about its own past and
present.
12. What was Augustine’s view of human sexuality?
Answer: human sexuality as a feature of carnal will. To guarantee the right path in their
lives, human beings should suppress sexuality, leave sex only for procreation purposes,
and pursue unconditional chastity.
13. During the scholastic period, psychological knowledge developed, to some degree, as a
symbolic alliance of Christian theology and:
Answer: the Greek philosophy.
14. Similar to the teachings of European and Asian philosophers, most Middle Eastern
thinkers recommended behavioral asceticism. What is it?
Answer: abstinence from material pleasures.
Comprehension and applications (essay)
1. Describe the triarchic view of the soul according to Plato.
2. Explain three main views of cognition in ancient Greece.
3. What is the emanation theory of sensation?

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